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汪朝光、王奇生、金以林三位民国史学者合著《天下得失---蒋介石的人生》一书，内容涉及蒋氏"非凡"的人生经历、性格、心理。限于篇幅，本文仅就书中所写蒋介石与家族亲缘关系一端，略加述评。

影片的悲剧感体现在多处，毕竟，以衰颓的城市、离散的家庭、贫困的生活为背景，这样的喜剧一定是混杂的风格。喜剧气氛被悲剧感所平衡，这使《钢的琴》完全区别于例如《非诚勿扰》等影片中葛优那种一味油滑、轻浮的喜剧路线

2011年12月30日，甘阳《文明•国家•大学》新书发布会暨研讨会由三联和北大联合主办，发言记录稿由观察者网提供

The Wittgensteins, ensconced in their grand Winter Palace in fin-de-siècle Vienna, were hardly a model family. The father, Karl , was a brutal autocrat as well as a high-class crook. He was an engineer by vocation, and his son Ludwig would later do some original work in aeronautics at Manchester University. A fabulously wealthy steel magnate, Karl rigged prices, bleeding his workers dry and doing much the same to his timorous wife Leopoldine. She once lay awake all night, agonised by an ugly wound in her foot but terrified of moving an inch in case she disturbed her irascible husband. She was an emotionally frigid mother and a neurotically dutiful wife, from whom all traces of individual personality had been violently erased.The House of Wittgenstein : A Family at Warby Alexander Waugh384, Bloomsbury, £20Buy The House of Wittgenstein at the Guardian bookshopThe family was a seething cauldron of psychosomatic disorders. Leopoldine was afflicted by terrible leg pains and eventually went blind. Her children had their problems too. Helene was plagued by stomach cramps; Gretl was beset by heart palpitations and sought advice from Sigmund Freud about her sexual frigidity; Hermine and Jerome both had dodgy fingers; Paul suffered from bouts of madness; and little Ludwig was scarcely the most well balanced of souls. Almost all the males of the family were seized from time to time by bouts of uncontrollable fury that bordered on insanity.Behind Karl the prosperous bourgeois lay a madder, more reckless man. He ran away from home at 17, boarded a ship bound for New York and joined a minstrel band. Before making his pile in Vienna he was a restaurant violinist, a night watchman, a steersman on a canal boat, and taught the tenor horn in an orphanage. Despite being one of the premier families of the Austro-Hungarian empire, most of the Wittgensteins were spiritual outlaws and adventurers. They combined the aristocrat's cavalier disdain for convention with the underdog's suspicion of authority.The sons of the household had a distressing habit of doing away with them selves. Handsome, intelligent, homosexual Rudolf strolled into a Berlin bar, dissolved potassium cyanide into his glass of milk and died in agony on the spot. Two years earlier, Hans Karl had disappeared without trace and is thought to have killed himself at sea. He was a shy, ungainly, possibly autistic child with a prodigious gift for maths and music, whose first spoken word was "Oedipus". He, too, was thought to be gay. Kurt seems to have shot himself "without visible reason" while serving as a soldier in the first world war. The philosopher Ludwig claims to have begun thinking about suicide when he was 10 or 11.Paul, a classmate of Adolf Hitler, became an outstanding concert pianist. Unusually for male members of the family, he was robustly heterosexual. The Wittgenstein ménage was more like a conservatoire than a family home: Brahms, Mahler and Richard Strauss dropped in regularly, while Ravel wrote his "Concerto for the Left Hand" specially for Paul, who had lost an arm in the first world war. Paul thought his brother Ludwig's philosophy was "trash", while Ludwig took a dim view of Paul's musical abilities. The Winter Palace resounded with constant yelling and vicious squabbling.Entrusted with the family fortune after his father's death, Paul invested it unwisely in government war bonds and lost most of it. Ludwig still inherited a sizeable amount of money, but in Tolstoyan spirit gave it all away to three of his siblings. His rooms in Trinity College, Cambridge, were almost bare of furniture. He is said to have remarked that he didn't mind at all what he ate, as long as it was always the same thing. It was a far cry from the overbred Vienna of his youth. Ludwig's monkish austerity, evident in the style of his first great work, the Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus, was among other things a reaction against a Viennese world of cream cakes and swollen bodies, in which many of the poor slept in caves or parks.Unconsciously re-enacting his father's impulse to escape, Ludwig fled from Cambridge to become an assistant gardener in an Austrian monastery, sleeping in a potting shed. He also lived for a while in a remote cottage in the west of Ireland, shacked up on the edge of a Norwegian fjord, and taught as a schoolmaster in several Austrian villages. Perhaps all this was a spiritual version of his brothers' suicides, on the part of a man seized by spiritual torment and self-loathing. If he inherited his father's instinct to scarper, however, he was also lumbered with his crazed bouts of fury. In one village school, he hit a girl so hard that she bled behind the ears, and then belaboured a boy about the head until he slumped unconscious to the floor. While Ludwig was dragging the boy's body off to the headmaster, he bumped into the irate father of the girl whose ears had bled, dropped the unconscious boy and did a runner.Alexander Waugh's eminently readable, meticulously researched account of the Wittgenstein madhouse might have speculated a bit more on how this background helped to shape the most celebrated of all the Wittgensteins. It certainly casts some light on Ludwig's extraordinary contradictions. Haughty, imperious and impossibly exacting, driven by a fatiguing zeal for moral perfection and contemptuous of most of those around him, he was a true son of patrician Vienna. Yet his greatest work, Philosophical Investigations, also represents a rejection of this world in its embrace of the ordinary, its acceptance of the imperfect and incorrigibly plural.Wittgenstein was an arresting combination of monk, mystic and mechanic. He was a high European intellectual who yearned for a Tolstoyan holiness and simplicity of life, a philosophical giant with scant respect for philosophy. He could never really decide whether he was a Brahmin or an "untouchable". Much of this makes sense if one sees it as an ambivalent relationship to his family background.On the one hand, he tried to divest himself of all that pomp and excess. If he was sometimes plunged into spiritual despair, it was because he was unable to strip himself of himself. Wittgenstein struggled to live on what he called the rough ground of everyday life.As a man who hailed from an Austro-Hungarian empire inhabited by Germans, Slovaks, Romanians, Serbs, Slovenes, Magyars and a good many other quarrelsome ethnic groups, he came to see human cultures as inherently diverse. But he was also haunted by a lofty, lethal vision of purity (what he called the pure ice), which was a product of his background and a form of rebellion against it. And the fact that he was torn between the rough ground and the pure ice was the source of much of his sorrow. Perhaps his brother Hans's first word sums it all up: "Oedipus".• Terry Eagleton wrote the screenplay for Derek Jarman's Wittgenstein. To order The House of Wittgenstein for £18 with free UK p&p call Guardianbook service on 0870 836 0875.· This article was amended on Saturday November 22 2008. The above review mentioned some of the children of Karl and Leopoldine Wittgenstein and suggested that Hans, Hermine, Gretl, Jerome, Paul, Rudolf and Ludwig were siblings. In fact Jerome (Stonborough) was Gretl's husband, not her brother.吴万伟译文可参考，未校订痛苦的宫殿---特里·伊格尔顿评论《维特根斯坦家族：战争之家》 　　在世纪末维也纳富丽堂皇的冬宫里生活舒适安逸的维特根斯坦家族很难说是模范家庭。家长卡尔是个残暴的独裁者和上层社会的骗子，在职业上说是个工程师。他儿子路德维希（Ludwig）曾在曼彻斯特大学进行过独创性的航空工程空气动力学研究。作为非常富有的钢铁大亨的卡尔操纵钢铁价格，榨干了工人的血汗，也榨干了胆小怕事的妻子莱奥波迪内（Leopoldine）的血汗。她曾经因为脚伤疼痛难忍而整夜睡不着觉，可不敢动弹，害怕动一下就会惊醒了脾气暴躁的丈夫。作为母亲，她细腻体贴；作为妻子，她贤惠而又神经过敏,所有的个性特征都被粗暴地抹去。　　这个家庭的成员个个身心都存在严重障碍，像个沸腾的大锅。母亲莱奥波迪内深受腿部疼痛的困扰，最后眼睛也失明了。孩子们都有问题，姐姐海伦（Helene）受到胃痉挛的困扰，姐姐玛格里特（Gretl）遭受心悸和心跳过速的折磨，曾经找弗洛伊德（Sigmund Freud）寻求治疗性冷淡的建议。姐姐海尔曼（Hermine）和杰罗姆（Jerome）都有 both had dodgy fingers的毛病，哥哥保罗（Paul）断断续续地发疯，小路德维希很难说是精神非常均衡的人。家族中几乎所有男性成员都时不时遭受无法控制的几乎接近于失去理性的程度的阵发性愤怒。　　表面上看，卡尔是个成功的资本家，但实际上他是个非常疯狂和鲁莽的人。他十七岁离家出走，登上开往纽约的船，参加过流浪艺人乐队。在维也纳建立自己的根基之前，他做过餐厅小提琴手、夜间守门人、运河轮渡上的舵手、还在孤儿院讲授如何吹中音号（tenor horn）。虽然是奥匈帝国显赫家族的后代，维特根斯坦一家的多数人在精神上来说是冒险家和叛逆者。在他们身上既有贵族对于规范满不在乎的蔑视又有失败者对于权威的怀疑。　　这个家族的男孩子有个让人担心的摈弃自我的习惯。英俊潇洒、才华横溢的同性恋者鲁道夫（Rudolf）到柏林酒吧鬼混,把氰化钾溶化在牛奶里喝下去当场痛苦而死。此前两年，汉斯·卡尔（Hans Karl）曾经失踪，被认为是跳海自杀。他是个腼腆的、笨拙的人，可能有点自闭症，也有对数学和音乐的惊人天赋。他开口说的第一个字是“俄狄浦斯”（Oedipus）。有人说他也是个同性恋者。库特（Kurt）在第一次世界大战当兵的时候“没有明显理由”地开枪自杀。哲学家路德维希宣称在十岁或者十一岁的时候已经开始考虑自杀问题。　　阿道夫·希特勒的同学保罗（Paul）成为杰出的音乐会钢琴家。和家族中的其他男性成员不同，他是坚定的异性恋者。维特根斯坦的家更像个艺术学校而不是家人生活的地方：音乐家勃拉姆斯（Brahms）、马勒（Mahler）和理查德·斯特劳斯（Richard Strauss）经常前来拜访，拉维尔（Ravel）写“左撇子钢琴协奏曲”就是专门为保罗写的。保罗在第一次世界大战中失掉了一只胳膊，他觉得弟弟路德维希的哲学完全是“垃圾”，而路德维希对于保罗的音乐才能也评价不高。这个冬宫里经常回响起不断的尖叫和恶毒的争吵。　　父亲去世后，保罗受委托来经营家族的财产，可他非常愚蠢地投资购买政府战争债券，把家产输掉了很大一部分。路德维希仍然继承了相当一部分家产，但是他以托尔斯泰式的精神把自己继承的部分全部转给其他三个兄弟姐妹。他在剑桥大学三一学院的家里几乎没有什么家具，据说他曾经说过，只要吃的是同样的东西，他才不在乎吃的是什么。这和他青年时期富家子弟的情形实在有天壤之别。路德维希在他第一本伟大著作《逻辑哲学论》（the Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus）中体现出来的僧侣式禁欲或许是他对奶油蛋糕和物质享受的维也纳世界的反叛，那里有很多穷人睡在洞穴里或者公园里。　　路德维希或许并没有意识到他在步父亲的后尘，遏止不住逃跑的冲动，从剑桥逃出来，到奥地利修道院做助理园丁，睡在盆栽园圃里。他还在爱尔兰西部偏僻小屋中生活过一段时间，也曾蜗居在挪威海湾边界里，还在奥地利的几个村子里当小学老师。或许所有这些都类似于他哥哥们自杀的精神上的自杀，是为精神折磨和自我憎恨所困的人的反应。如果说他继承了父亲的逃跑本能，他也继承了家族阵发性疯狂愤怒的大爆发。在一乡村小学里，他使劲打一个女学生，把人家耳朵都打出血了，接着又暴打一个男生，直到把人家打得躺在地上不省人事。就在路德维希把男生拖去见校长时，正好碰上那个耳朵被打出血的女生的怒气冲冲的父亲，他丢下昏迷中的男生就逃跑了。　　亚历山大·沃（Alexander Waugh）对于维特根斯坦疯人院的描述读起来引人入胜，体现了不凡的学术功力，或许解释了这个家庭背景如何帮助造就了维特根斯坦家族中这个杰出的哲学家。当然也提供了一些线索帮助解释路德维希与众不同的矛盾性格。他傲慢自大、飞扬跋扈、一丝不苟、让人厌烦地渴望道德完善、瞧不起他周围的人。他确实是维也纳贵族的传人，但是他最伟大的著作《哲学研究》（Philosophical Investigations）在拥抱平常、接受不完美和不可救药的多元性上也代表了他对这个世界的拒绝。　　维特根斯坦是僧侣、神秘主义者、机械工人的让人着迷的结合体。他是高雅的欧洲知识分子，渴望过托尔斯泰式圣洁和简朴的生活；他是哲学上的巨人，却对哲学表现出很少的尊重。他可能从来都无法决定到底是个婆罗门还是“难以接近的人”。如果人们考虑到他的家庭背景的矛盾关系的话，这里的很多矛盾就可以理解了。　　一方面，他试图抛弃所有的荣华富贵和装腔作势。如果他有时候陷入精神上的绝望，那是因为他不能摆脱自身。维特根斯坦竭力要过他所说的在粗糙地面上的日常生活。　　作为来自居住着德国人、斯拉夫人、罗马尼亚人、塞尔维亚人、斯洛文尼亚人、马扎尔人以及很多其他种族的奥匈帝国的一分子，他倾向于把人类文化看作天生具有多元性的。但是他也一直被崇高的、致命的纯洁性(他所说的纯粹的冰)所困扰,这是他的家庭背景的产物，也是反叛家庭背景的一种形式。他在粗糙地面和纯洁的冰之间挣扎的事实是他大部分痛苦的根源。或许他的哥哥汉斯的第一个字是所有内容的总结：“俄狄浦斯”。　　（译自：Palace of pain by Terry Eagleton　　http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/2008/ ... tgenstein-alexander-waugh）　　译者注：本文讨论的书是《维特根斯坦家族：战争之家》（The House of Wittgenstein: A Family at War）by Alexander Waugh 384, Bloomsbury, £20。

本文系为章永乐著《旧邦新造：1911-1917》所写的序言（北京大学出版社即出），也是对2010年夏天北京大学法制研究中心与清华大学人文与社会科学高等研究所共同举办的关于辛亥革命的研讨会上的讨论的一个回应。2011年11月26日复旦思想史研究中心“历史与政治”年会主题发言。观察者网及《社会观察》杂志独家发布。

1909年春，金教授携家人远涉重洋游历了中国、日本和高丽，考察了东亚三国的古老农耕体系，并与当地的农民进行了深入的交流。他们急切地希望了解在人口稠密的东亚三国，农夫是如何利用有限的土壤生产出足够的粮食。

要破解这一困局，必须得追本溯源，弄清第一次反PX事件--厦门PX事件的来龙去脉。稍加细心地观察，我们不难发现，某些人以及某些媒体通过制造并宣扬PX有剧毒、致癌、致畸、高爆炸等危害的谣言，对煽起民众对PX的恐慌情绪直至通过"集体散步"这种激烈方式来驱逐该项目，起到了决定性的作用。可以说，没有谣言，就没有厦门PX事件，也就没有今天的昆明与成都的波澜。

《论语·子路》篇孔子说"父为子隐、子为父隐"。关于父子互隐的问题，这些年来争议非常之大。有些人没有古文字知识基于误读而攻击孔子搞"司法腐败"，只能说是"以小人之心度君子之腹"。

你是否简单化地理解冲绳形象了?不论是出于善意还是恶意，在把握一个共同体时将其简单化，这是最糟糕的。--责难我的声音传来，让我停下脚步。忆起那些与冲绳息息相关的具体人物的各式面孔

这里讲的政治衰败其实是说，一项特定的政治进程——有时是一家政府机构——已出现机能障碍。导致这种局面的原因是：思维僵化；地位稳固的政治行为方对改革和再平衡起到了阻碍作用，而他们的实力在不断壮大……附American Interest英文原文

由思想到文學，中國古代很早就形成「自成一家」的獨創性觀念及其習慣表述，並以「家數」概念為中介，在文學批評中形成大家、小家、名家等一系列品第概念。古人使用這些概念並沒有嚴格的定義，尤其是「大家」與「名家」，批評家對其分寸感的把握和對具體適用對象的聯想都有微妙的差異。本文試圖通過對古代文學批評史上有關資料的梳理，勾勒出前人對此的看法，以揭示中國古代文學批評的基本觀念及其尺度。

4月27日上午，获悉韩南先生去世，深感震惊和遗憾。过去的几个月内，先生往返于医院与康复中心，身体状况时有反复，近几周似乎已渐趋稳定。在记事本上，我写下了最新的电话号码，心里想着这一周的什么时候就可以跟先生通话了⋯⋯。

可以从两个角度来进行思考，一种是"自上而下的民族主义"，一种是"自下而上的民族主义"。战前的日本可以被划为"自上而下的民族主义"。但是过去在东南亚蓬勃发展的民族主义却推动了那里摆脱殖民统治的独立运动，使得受压迫的人们获得了解放。

要理解当今中国社会的支配性文化，不能离开中国特色的市场经济，以及在这个经济影响下形成的日常生活对人的影响。 文化要大发展要大繁荣，关键一条，是必须打破现今这种实质上是一切向钱看的"支配性文化"，至少要打破它对社会的支配地位。

中国文化若要健全，征兵则当然势在必行，但伪君子阶级也必须消灭。凡在社会占有地位的人，必须都是文武兼备，名副其实的真君子。非等此点达到，传统社会的虚伪污浊不能洗清。

“乡土文学”的说法最早来自鲁迅先生，1935年他在《中国新文学大系·小说二集序》中指出：“蹇先艾叙述过贵州，斐文中关心着榆关。凡在北京用笔写出他的胸臆来的人们，无论他自称为用主观或客观，其实往往是乡土文学，从北京之方面来说，则是侨寓文学的作者。”

从"单位制" 的视角透视中国城市社会基层的组织制度和秩序的研究，一般被认为肇始于魏昂德的"新传统主义"模型。之后的讨论和工作主要围绕以下三方面的问题展开：1) "新传统主义" 与历史是什么关系?2)"新传统主义" 的适用范围究竟有多大?3)中国基层社会组织中的权力和权威关系到底是个什么样子?通过对这些问题的梳理和分析表明：问题的关键在于如何辩证地同时关注结构与文化、历史与现实之间的关系，真正深入到单位组织的变革现场，以把握中国基层社会的基本秩序结构。

保守与革命之争反映的是致命的自负：它希望由精英集团垄断政治，大众作为沉默的被代表者，由精英代理人代替他们参与政治。这种人为固化的二元格局只会继续固化政治危机，这种脆弱的精英寡头格局势必难以为继。根本而言，民主运动是抵抗这一僵化的利益同盟的唯一方式。

大型思想人文丛刊《天下》创刊号目录

赵晓力：虚拟世界这个说法现在好像不流行了。刚接触网络的时候可能什么人都有点眩晕感，上到现在还有吗？技术浪漫主义曾经以为我们能够得到一个与现实世界迥然相异的世界，而现在人们越来越清楚地意识到，那同样是我们切身的现实。关于网络的伦理其实与现实伦理是交错的。