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讨论不妨围绕以下相关问题进行："20世纪中国"与乡村叙述；"20世纪中国"与文学叙述中的人道主义；个人主义意识形态的演变及其危机；乌托邦与"20世纪中国"；新秩序的建立与新社会图景的缺失；"真实"与历史叙述，等等。这些问题既包含在20世纪历史的自我思考和表述中，也体现在"重述"潮流的文学文本中。

作者强调国家认证能力是国家基础能力的基础，国家的强制、汲取、监管、再分配等功能都离不开认证。他用充分的历史事实和国家制度的逻辑发展来说明这一点。

原文内容提要：从总体上看，20世纪前半叶日本佛教的绝大部分宗派都积极追随军国主义政府，提倡迎合统治者需要的“忠皇爱国”思想，宣传“护国”精神，为政府推行军国主义政策、建立法西斯集权统治和对外发动侵略战争服务。它们用佛教思想美化法西斯统治，将侵略战争说成是“以大道征服不道”；随着日本对朝鲜、中国的侵略扩张，佛教各宗也加紧组织对出战人员的家庭、战死者亲属的慰问和援助，对伤残士兵进行救护。此外还向前线军队派遣随军僧，让他们在战地传教、慰问士兵，为死者安葬和举行法会等。本文介绍的正是日本佛教各宗派在中国东北地区的所作所为。

闻一多欣赏浪漫、唯美的诗歌，他把唐代诗人张若虚的《春江花月夜》比作是“诗中的诗，顶峰上的顶峰”，这令何兆武有些吃惊：这首诗有虚无颓废的味道，人生观不是很积极健康，与闻一多斗士的形象似乎不是很一致。

关于北京的新建筑，土木工程建筑设计方面与艺术家似乎意见分歧，这篇报道综合了一部分观点。

青年时代，我在学生运动的大潮中与鲁迅相遇。读到鲁迅的《写于深夜里》，知道了珂勒惠支，这篇文章由《珂勒惠之教授的版画之入中国》和描写学生们因为受到法西斯权力无情拷问而身心俱损的当时中国的现实的四个短章构成。鲁迅写道，年轻同路人柔石因为国民党"猎赤"而遭枪杀，为了献上自己无言的祈念，把凯綏·珂勒惠支的作品《牺牲》刊登在杂志《北斗》上之后，许多人都感到了其中的含义。文章的最后,以"作者虽然现在（在希特勒政权之下）也只能守着沉默，但她的作品，却更多的在远东的天下出现了。是的，为了人类的艺术，别的力量是阻挡不住的"结尾，表达了为了人类而创作的艺术无论在何种绝望的状况之中，都和人们的灵魂紧贴在一起，并激励着人们。在木刻运动中孕育的众多版画家的作品正是做了最好的实践。由此，我渴望看到珂勒惠支的作品。但是，在当时的日本，还很难有看到珂勒惠支作品的机会。我听说石母田正的书《历史和民族的发现》中使用了珂勒惠支的《牺牲》，就去把书买回来。但是，印在书上的作品照片很小，虽然可以看到大致的轮廓，但远远谈不上作品的鉴赏。我第一次面对珂勒惠支作品，是在东京银座的画廊见到的《女人和死去的孩子》。母亲太过悲伤，死死地抱着孩子，下颚紧紧抵着已经死去的孩子的胸。有那么一瞬间，恍惚觉得母亲几乎要把孩子吞噬。一时错愕无语，静静过了一阵，眼前好像浮现出圣母像。我从来没有见过这样深沉的哀叹和爱意四溢的母子像。越过简洁的构图，我感受到表现失去世界般的母亲的悲伤，我痛感鲁迅的思绪。1903 蚀刻 女人与死去的孩子因为第一次世界大战中作为志愿兵的18岁儿子皮特的战死，珂勒惠支夫妇沉浸在绵长的悲苦之中，然后决议创作包含了青年们对战争的狂热、母与子、家庭等所有问题的皮特的悼念雕塑。名为《双亲》的石像历时18年的岁月完成。睁着双眼的僵直的父亲的雕像，和勾着背透着难以言传的深沉悲哀的母亲的雕像。父母二人的雕像之间没有皮特的像。但反而更向人们倾诉失去儿子的感受。每个战死的年轻人的背后，都有遭灭顶打击的双亲和家族。珂勒惠支就是这样诉说着战争。石雕 双亲我一直想在遭受过战争重创的冲绳土地上建立能整合内心的"思考空间"，于是在1994年开设了佐喜真美术馆。主要的收藏包括丸木位里、丸木俊的《冲绳战之图》系列14副作品、乔治·鲁奥的版画、凯綏·珂勒惠支的版画、上野诚的木刻版画、浮世绘等等。这些都是竭力向民众传达艺术力量的艺术家的作品。珂勒惠支的作品充满了对人的深刻洞察和爱意，富于激励的力量，和冲绳人的灵魂相连。我直觉到"珂勒惠支正是冲绳所需要的"，于是开始义无反顾地收集她的作品。现在时隔40年我重读鲁迅的文章。没有真正关于美术的研究和准备，仅凭着对艺术的强烈憧憬，就开设了美术馆，这是因为学生时代读过的鲁迅的语言赋予我巨大的力量。我再次意识到从鲁迅的思想汲取了诸多行动的指针，暗暗地感动。我由衷地感谢此次自己收藏的珂勒惠支作品能在北京鲁迅博物馆和浙江美术馆展出。感谢浙江美术馆马锋辉馆长基于对鲁迅和珂勒惠支深厚理解的诚挚邀请，感谢展览编辑刘颖女士，画册设计师章利民先生等浙江美术馆工作人员的细致入微的工作。同时感谢鲁迅博物馆的肖振鸣主任，展览的提案者清华大学文学院汪晖教授，展览策划人胡冬竹女士，顾问横地刚先生，奈良和夫先生。孙郁老师（原北京鲁迅博物馆馆长）曾说"我们珍视不是从德国而是从琉球借展（珂勒惠支作品）"。但愿，来自琉球的小小的收藏，能成为载负鲁迅和珂勒惠支思想的磁场，化为创造东亚新的和平的博大想象的第一步。佐喜真美术馆长 佐喜真道夫 2011年8月 

我并不是在谈论法律与宗教的合一，而是讲它们辩证的相互依赖。

早期基督教的音乐也用乐器，后来因为反对罗马帝国的乐器繁多的音乐，渐渐开始了音由心生，用单纯人声来赞美教主的音乐方式。当然，也是为了用动听的乐声来吸引更多人入教。米兰的僧侣安木波罗斯在四世纪就主张用富于旋律的颂歌来魅惑人心了。这跟中国儒乐追求的淡而无味之境界截然不同。这篇文章简略地摘编介绍了圣咏从质朴犹太音乐因素渐渐发展到繁复拉丁圣歌的历史。

开源软件的转折点已到来

《特洛伊城的治疗》（The Cure at Troy）是由西默斯·希尼从索福克勒斯的《菲罗克特茨》（Philoctetes）编译过来的。文章标题为：Unionism and Utopia

可能，耶稣竭力清除神殿以钱货赎罪的行径（那种行径已接近于亵渎），仅此一点就足以让他的对手钉死他。对庙宇的敬畏是犹太教的本质特征之一，对它的冲击就是冲击以色列本身。此外，耶稣所反对的买卖也是维持神庙仪式所必需的，是上帝所授意的，所以干涉这些交易就会被认为是对信仰的冒犯。

The Wittgensteins, ensconced in their grand Winter Palace in fin-de-siècle Vienna, were hardly a model family. The father, Karl , was a brutal autocrat as well as a high-class crook. He was an engineer by vocation, and his son Ludwig would later do some original work in aeronautics at Manchester University. A fabulously wealthy steel magnate, Karl rigged prices, bleeding his workers dry and doing much the same to his timorous wife Leopoldine. She once lay awake all night, agonised by an ugly wound in her foot but terrified of moving an inch in case she disturbed her irascible husband. She was an emotionally frigid mother and a neurotically dutiful wife, from whom all traces of individual personality had been violently erased.The House of Wittgenstein : A Family at Warby Alexander Waugh384, Bloomsbury, £20Buy The House of Wittgenstein at the Guardian bookshopThe family was a seething cauldron of psychosomatic disorders. Leopoldine was afflicted by terrible leg pains and eventually went blind. Her children had their problems too. Helene was plagued by stomach cramps; Gretl was beset by heart palpitations and sought advice from Sigmund Freud about her sexual frigidity; Hermine and Jerome both had dodgy fingers; Paul suffered from bouts of madness; and little Ludwig was scarcely the most well balanced of souls. Almost all the males of the family were seized from time to time by bouts of uncontrollable fury that bordered on insanity.Behind Karl the prosperous bourgeois lay a madder, more reckless man. He ran away from home at 17, boarded a ship bound for New York and joined a minstrel band. Before making his pile in Vienna he was a restaurant violinist, a night watchman, a steersman on a canal boat, and taught the tenor horn in an orphanage. Despite being one of the premier families of the Austro-Hungarian empire, most of the Wittgensteins were spiritual outlaws and adventurers. They combined the aristocrat's cavalier disdain for convention with the underdog's suspicion of authority.The sons of the household had a distressing habit of doing away with them selves. Handsome, intelligent, homosexual Rudolf strolled into a Berlin bar, dissolved potassium cyanide into his glass of milk and died in agony on the spot. Two years earlier, Hans Karl had disappeared without trace and is thought to have killed himself at sea. He was a shy, ungainly, possibly autistic child with a prodigious gift for maths and music, whose first spoken word was "Oedipus". He, too, was thought to be gay. Kurt seems to have shot himself "without visible reason" while serving as a soldier in the first world war. The philosopher Ludwig claims to have begun thinking about suicide when he was 10 or 11.Paul, a classmate of Adolf Hitler, became an outstanding concert pianist. Unusually for male members of the family, he was robustly heterosexual. The Wittgenstein ménage was more like a conservatoire than a family home: Brahms, Mahler and Richard Strauss dropped in regularly, while Ravel wrote his "Concerto for the Left Hand" specially for Paul, who had lost an arm in the first world war. Paul thought his brother Ludwig's philosophy was "trash", while Ludwig took a dim view of Paul's musical abilities. The Winter Palace resounded with constant yelling and vicious squabbling.Entrusted with the family fortune after his father's death, Paul invested it unwisely in government war bonds and lost most of it. Ludwig still inherited a sizeable amount of money, but in Tolstoyan spirit gave it all away to three of his siblings. His rooms in Trinity College, Cambridge, were almost bare of furniture. He is said to have remarked that he didn't mind at all what he ate, as long as it was always the same thing. It was a far cry from the overbred Vienna of his youth. Ludwig's monkish austerity, evident in the style of his first great work, the Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus, was among other things a reaction against a Viennese world of cream cakes and swollen bodies, in which many of the poor slept in caves or parks.Unconsciously re-enacting his father's impulse to escape, Ludwig fled from Cambridge to become an assistant gardener in an Austrian monastery, sleeping in a potting shed. He also lived for a while in a remote cottage in the west of Ireland, shacked up on the edge of a Norwegian fjord, and taught as a schoolmaster in several Austrian villages. Perhaps all this was a spiritual version of his brothers' suicides, on the part of a man seized by spiritual torment and self-loathing. If he inherited his father's instinct to scarper, however, he was also lumbered with his crazed bouts of fury. In one village school, he hit a girl so hard that she bled behind the ears, and then belaboured a boy about the head until he slumped unconscious to the floor. While Ludwig was dragging the boy's body off to the headmaster, he bumped into the irate father of the girl whose ears had bled, dropped the unconscious boy and did a runner.Alexander Waugh's eminently readable, meticulously researched account of the Wittgenstein madhouse might have speculated a bit more on how this background helped to shape the most celebrated of all the Wittgensteins. It certainly casts some light on Ludwig's extraordinary contradictions. Haughty, imperious and impossibly exacting, driven by a fatiguing zeal for moral perfection and contemptuous of most of those around him, he was a true son of patrician Vienna. Yet his greatest work, Philosophical Investigations, also represents a rejection of this world in its embrace of the ordinary, its acceptance of the imperfect and incorrigibly plural.Wittgenstein was an arresting combination of monk, mystic and mechanic. He was a high European intellectual who yearned for a Tolstoyan holiness and simplicity of life, a philosophical giant with scant respect for philosophy. He could never really decide whether he was a Brahmin or an "untouchable". Much of this makes sense if one sees it as an ambivalent relationship to his family background.On the one hand, he tried to divest himself of all that pomp and excess. If he was sometimes plunged into spiritual despair, it was because he was unable to strip himself of himself. Wittgenstein struggled to live on what he called the rough ground of everyday life.As a man who hailed from an Austro-Hungarian empire inhabited by Germans, Slovaks, Romanians, Serbs, Slovenes, Magyars and a good many other quarrelsome ethnic groups, he came to see human cultures as inherently diverse. But he was also haunted by a lofty, lethal vision of purity (what he called the pure ice), which was a product of his background and a form of rebellion against it. And the fact that he was torn between the rough ground and the pure ice was the source of much of his sorrow. Perhaps his brother Hans's first word sums it all up: "Oedipus".• Terry Eagleton wrote the screenplay for Derek Jarman's Wittgenstein. To order The House of Wittgenstein for £18 with free UK p&p call Guardianbook service on 0870 836 0875.· This article was amended on Saturday November 22 2008. The above review mentioned some of the children of Karl and Leopoldine Wittgenstein and suggested that Hans, Hermine, Gretl, Jerome, Paul, Rudolf and Ludwig were siblings. In fact Jerome (Stonborough) was Gretl's husband, not her brother.吴万伟译文可参考，未校订痛苦的宫殿---特里·伊格尔顿评论《维特根斯坦家族：战争之家》 　　在世纪末维也纳富丽堂皇的冬宫里生活舒适安逸的维特根斯坦家族很难说是模范家庭。家长卡尔是个残暴的独裁者和上层社会的骗子，在职业上说是个工程师。他儿子路德维希（Ludwig）曾在曼彻斯特大学进行过独创性的航空工程空气动力学研究。作为非常富有的钢铁大亨的卡尔操纵钢铁价格，榨干了工人的血汗，也榨干了胆小怕事的妻子莱奥波迪内（Leopoldine）的血汗。她曾经因为脚伤疼痛难忍而整夜睡不着觉，可不敢动弹，害怕动一下就会惊醒了脾气暴躁的丈夫。作为母亲，她细腻体贴；作为妻子，她贤惠而又神经过敏,所有的个性特征都被粗暴地抹去。　　这个家庭的成员个个身心都存在严重障碍，像个沸腾的大锅。母亲莱奥波迪内深受腿部疼痛的困扰，最后眼睛也失明了。孩子们都有问题，姐姐海伦（Helene）受到胃痉挛的困扰，姐姐玛格里特（Gretl）遭受心悸和心跳过速的折磨，曾经找弗洛伊德（Sigmund Freud）寻求治疗性冷淡的建议。姐姐海尔曼（Hermine）和杰罗姆（Jerome）都有 both had dodgy fingers的毛病，哥哥保罗（Paul）断断续续地发疯，小路德维希很难说是精神非常均衡的人。家族中几乎所有男性成员都时不时遭受无法控制的几乎接近于失去理性的程度的阵发性愤怒。　　表面上看，卡尔是个成功的资本家，但实际上他是个非常疯狂和鲁莽的人。他十七岁离家出走，登上开往纽约的船，参加过流浪艺人乐队。在维也纳建立自己的根基之前，他做过餐厅小提琴手、夜间守门人、运河轮渡上的舵手、还在孤儿院讲授如何吹中音号（tenor horn）。虽然是奥匈帝国显赫家族的后代，维特根斯坦一家的多数人在精神上来说是冒险家和叛逆者。在他们身上既有贵族对于规范满不在乎的蔑视又有失败者对于权威的怀疑。　　这个家族的男孩子有个让人担心的摈弃自我的习惯。英俊潇洒、才华横溢的同性恋者鲁道夫（Rudolf）到柏林酒吧鬼混,把氰化钾溶化在牛奶里喝下去当场痛苦而死。此前两年，汉斯·卡尔（Hans Karl）曾经失踪，被认为是跳海自杀。他是个腼腆的、笨拙的人，可能有点自闭症，也有对数学和音乐的惊人天赋。他开口说的第一个字是“俄狄浦斯”（Oedipus）。有人说他也是个同性恋者。库特（Kurt）在第一次世界大战当兵的时候“没有明显理由”地开枪自杀。哲学家路德维希宣称在十岁或者十一岁的时候已经开始考虑自杀问题。　　阿道夫·希特勒的同学保罗（Paul）成为杰出的音乐会钢琴家。和家族中的其他男性成员不同，他是坚定的异性恋者。维特根斯坦的家更像个艺术学校而不是家人生活的地方：音乐家勃拉姆斯（Brahms）、马勒（Mahler）和理查德·斯特劳斯（Richard Strauss）经常前来拜访，拉维尔（Ravel）写“左撇子钢琴协奏曲”就是专门为保罗写的。保罗在第一次世界大战中失掉了一只胳膊，他觉得弟弟路德维希的哲学完全是“垃圾”，而路德维希对于保罗的音乐才能也评价不高。这个冬宫里经常回响起不断的尖叫和恶毒的争吵。　　父亲去世后，保罗受委托来经营家族的财产，可他非常愚蠢地投资购买政府战争债券，把家产输掉了很大一部分。路德维希仍然继承了相当一部分家产，但是他以托尔斯泰式的精神把自己继承的部分全部转给其他三个兄弟姐妹。他在剑桥大学三一学院的家里几乎没有什么家具，据说他曾经说过，只要吃的是同样的东西，他才不在乎吃的是什么。这和他青年时期富家子弟的情形实在有天壤之别。路德维希在他第一本伟大著作《逻辑哲学论》（the Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus）中体现出来的僧侣式禁欲或许是他对奶油蛋糕和物质享受的维也纳世界的反叛，那里有很多穷人睡在洞穴里或者公园里。　　路德维希或许并没有意识到他在步父亲的后尘，遏止不住逃跑的冲动，从剑桥逃出来，到奥地利修道院做助理园丁，睡在盆栽园圃里。他还在爱尔兰西部偏僻小屋中生活过一段时间，也曾蜗居在挪威海湾边界里，还在奥地利的几个村子里当小学老师。或许所有这些都类似于他哥哥们自杀的精神上的自杀，是为精神折磨和自我憎恨所困的人的反应。如果说他继承了父亲的逃跑本能，他也继承了家族阵发性疯狂愤怒的大爆发。在一乡村小学里，他使劲打一个女学生，把人家耳朵都打出血了，接着又暴打一个男生，直到把人家打得躺在地上不省人事。就在路德维希把男生拖去见校长时，正好碰上那个耳朵被打出血的女生的怒气冲冲的父亲，他丢下昏迷中的男生就逃跑了。　　亚历山大·沃（Alexander Waugh）对于维特根斯坦疯人院的描述读起来引人入胜，体现了不凡的学术功力，或许解释了这个家庭背景如何帮助造就了维特根斯坦家族中这个杰出的哲学家。当然也提供了一些线索帮助解释路德维希与众不同的矛盾性格。他傲慢自大、飞扬跋扈、一丝不苟、让人厌烦地渴望道德完善、瞧不起他周围的人。他确实是维也纳贵族的传人，但是他最伟大的著作《哲学研究》（Philosophical Investigations）在拥抱平常、接受不完美和不可救药的多元性上也代表了他对这个世界的拒绝。　　维特根斯坦是僧侣、神秘主义者、机械工人的让人着迷的结合体。他是高雅的欧洲知识分子，渴望过托尔斯泰式圣洁和简朴的生活；他是哲学上的巨人，却对哲学表现出很少的尊重。他可能从来都无法决定到底是个婆罗门还是“难以接近的人”。如果人们考虑到他的家庭背景的矛盾关系的话，这里的很多矛盾就可以理解了。　　一方面，他试图抛弃所有的荣华富贵和装腔作势。如果他有时候陷入精神上的绝望，那是因为他不能摆脱自身。维特根斯坦竭力要过他所说的在粗糙地面上的日常生活。　　作为来自居住着德国人、斯拉夫人、罗马尼亚人、塞尔维亚人、斯洛文尼亚人、马扎尔人以及很多其他种族的奥匈帝国的一分子，他倾向于把人类文化看作天生具有多元性的。但是他也一直被崇高的、致命的纯洁性(他所说的纯粹的冰)所困扰,这是他的家庭背景的产物，也是反叛家庭背景的一种形式。他在粗糙地面和纯洁的冰之间挣扎的事实是他大部分痛苦的根源。或许他的哥哥汉斯的第一个字是所有内容的总结：“俄狄浦斯”。　　（译自：Palace of pain by Terry Eagleton　　http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/2008/ ... tgenstein-alexander-waugh）　　译者注：本文讨论的书是《维特根斯坦家族：战争之家》（The House of Wittgenstein: A Family at War）by Alexander Waugh 384, Bloomsbury, £20。

伊格尔顿2003年书中两章，指出文化理论的动力在911和美对伊战争后已经丧失。“对文化理论学者而言，身体是一个永不退流行的主题，不过，他们的焦点通常是会感受情欲的身体，而不是会感到饥饿的身体；是交媾中的身体，而不是劳动中的身体。”

《沃尔特‧本雅明或走向革命批评》（1981）第五章

在雷蒙德·威廉斯的小说《第三代》（伦敦，1964年）中，有一个非洲人物这样说：“因此民族主义就像阶级。拥有它，感觉它，是结束它的惟一办法。如果你不要求得到它，或者过早地放弃它，你只能受其他阶级和其他民族的欺负。”

伊朗北部与亚美尼亚、土库曼斯坦、阿塞拜疆接壤，并隔里海与俄罗斯和哈萨克斯坦相望；西部与土耳其、伊拉克、东部与阿富汗、巴基斯坦交界；南部濒临波斯湾和阿曼湾，与科威特、巴林、卡塔尔、阿联酋、阿曼和沙特阿拉伯隔海相望。

阿拉伯人从来没有，也十分反感把突尼斯人民的革命称为“茉莉花革命”，因为本·阿里在1987年发动的推翻前总统哈比卜·布尔吉巴的不流血政变就被称为“茉莉花革命”，对于现时的突尼斯人来说，那次政变是一个讽刺，更是一种耻辱，他们更愿意将自己的行动称为“尊严革命”

《中国佛教史》选读

王叔岷号慕庐，四川简阳人。1935年，就读于四川大学中文系，1941年考入北京大学文科研究所，师从傅斯年、汤用彤先生。后任职于中央研究院历史语言研究所。1949年后，任台湾大学中文系副教授、教授。1963年后，先后任教于新加坡大学、台湾大学、马来西亚大学、新加坡南洋大学等校。1973年，自中研院史语所及台湾大学中文系退休，仍担任史语所兼任研究员及中国文哲所筹备处咨询委员。

学术文章风格因人而异，好比人的性格不能强求一律。所谓“文如其人”，即指文章风格，也指人的品格。写文章离不开技巧，要有基本训练。