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蓝博洲在戴国辉等人关于事件的研究的基础上，以汉族系台湾进步知识分子及同时期大陆舆论围绕“雾社事件”的讨论为历史起点，梳理了二十年代至八十年代末台湾原住民与汉族在反帝反体制运动中的结盟路线。作者认为，只有原住民与扬弃大汉沙文主义的进步汉人，互相提携，共同为追求一个公平、合理、正义的社会制度而奋斗，台湾原住民的阶级与民族解才有实现的可能性。

美刊《批评探索》第34期(2008年夏季号)发表了菲利波·德尔·卢凯塞、贾森·史密斯与法国著名理论家阿兰·巴迪乌的访谈文章，巴迪乌就哲学与政治之间的关系、马克思主义传统、当代政治的新的组织形式等问题阐释了自己的观点。访谈主要内容如下。

作者从检阅宫崎滔天档案开始，长期执着研究日本大陆浪人与大亚洲主义及其相关问题，已经有多种论著问世。因此，这本新著论述日本右翼的历史沿革尤为得心应手，从头山满与黑龙会一直讲到“二战”以后“传统右翼”的死灰复燃与“新右翼”的崛起。作者不仅为我们编制了新老右翼团体的宗谱，而且还勾画了几代右翼代表人物的群像。我相信，读者通过此书当可理解日本右翼历经两次世界大战发展变化的基本脉络，而更为重要的是可以获致当代右翼群体的清晰而完整的印象。这对于读者把握日本右翼的来龙去脉，特别是当代新右翼与传统右翼的区别及其言行特征，应该很有裨益。

经典回顾

本次调查（07年）青少年的网瘾人数为9.72%，说明青少年网络成瘾问题仍然是不容忽视的。男性青少年网瘾比例高出女性青少年7.18个百分点，18-23岁青少年网民中网瘾比例较高，为11.39%。其中，失业或无固定职业者、研究生和本专科学生网瘾比例最高，分别约为16.5%、14%和11%。网瘾青少年中“玩网络游戏”的比例（40.77%）高于非网瘾青少年（28.61%）将近13%。

大型思想人文丛刊《天下》创刊号目录

1970年代以来，大批简帛书籍的陆续出土，为丰富和重写中国古代学术史提供了资料与条件，促使我们对中国古代学术史进行重新思考、重新认识和重新评价。

五四民主主义膜拜与幻想的形成，从一方面看固然是对中国“第一共和”（1912-1928）的建立及其后持续不断的危机的反应，所谓愈挫愈奋，屡仆屡起；但从另一方面看，愈趋愈激的民主主义也终于断绝了晚清以来不绝若线的共和主义（Republicanism）政治实践——因其不纯粹民主，并使中国现代政治始终处于一种“过渡”状态——因其不符合理想的模式。限于篇幅，这里围绕五四时期陈独秀与康有为有关“孔教与共和政治”的言论展开。

美国宪法稳定性不是一个历史事实，而是一个政治想象。但需要说明的是，历史事实和政治想象并非相互排斥。相反，两者共同构成了美国宪政想象的整体结构。正是因为有了历史断裂，统一性和稳定性的宪法断裂才更为重要和珍贵。

" 由曼海姆创立的知识社会学，试图将知识看作是一种受社会制约的现象而不只是人们智力活动的结果。同理，在研究知识分子时，也应将他们置于一定的社会体制中，并考察他们是怎样受制于这种体制、 由怎样通过创造关于人和环境的思想这种智力活动去改变这种体制并进而改变人（包括知识分子）自身的。　 　　
相比而言，知识分子是最不安分的。他们好象不懂得向命运低头，即使他们已被定位在社会体制的某一环节上，他们很可能仍然没有安身立命之感。在灵魂深处，他们总是漂泊的，他们在漂泊不定中不断地寻找着归宿…… "

The world's tallest skyscraper will open soon in Dubai, even as the emirate continues to be battered by the financial crisis. Is Burj Dubai an expression of failed megalomania or proof of Dubai leader Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum's stunning vision?The view is clear, the air is soft and silky, and only a thick strip of red separates the sky and the sea at sundown. The boundary between grandeur and kitsch becomes blurred here, halfway up the Burj Dubai, the world's tallest tower.It smells of paint, varnish and new leather, and the steps of female visitors on parquet and marble produce an elegant-sounding echo that suddenly disappears when they step onto soft carpets. An artificial island in the shape of a palm tree is visible to the southwest, and farther to the north is a man-made archipelago that looks like a map of the world.But only the furniture, the carpets, the smells and the sounds are real. The rest is an illusion. The visitor isn't gazing out at the Persian Gulf from 400 meters (1,312 feet) up in the air; in fact, he or she is standing at ground level -- in a model apartment with an enormous mural stretched outside its floor-to-ceiling windows -- at the foot of a hermetically sealed building.The model apartment is located at the recently closed sales office of Emaar Properties, the real estate development company behind the Burj Dubai, which has over-extended itself -- with projects from India to Morocco -- and is now selling some of its condominiums at half the list price. After falling by 32 percent in last two weeks, Emaar's stock price gained 15 percentage points again last Thursday. Emaar, like the entire city, is on the brink of ruin, and yet it behaves as if nothing has happened.Dubai, like no other place in the world, epitomizes globalization, "innovation" and "astonishing progress," as US President Barack Obama said admiringly in his speech to the Muslim world in Cairo in June. But it also stands for mind-boggling excess. In Dubai, utopias almost feel real sometimes, and reality is sometimes nothing but a mirage.The tower, at any rate, is real. With its 160 habitable stories, it juts 818 meters (2,683 feet) into the sky. Tourists have to kneel down on the sidewalk to photograph the building in its entirety, from base to tip.The Burj Dubai is so tall that Bedouins can see it from their oases 100 kilometers (63 miles) inland and sailors can see it from their supertankers, 50 nautical miles out in the Gulf -- at least on the few winter days when the air is as clear as it's portrayed on the mural in front of the model apartment window.The tower is so enormous that the air temperature at the top is up to 8 degrees Celsius (14 degrees Fahrenheit) lower than at the base. If anyone ever hit upon the idea of opening a door at the top and a door at the bottom, as well as the airlocks in between, a storm would rush through the air-conditioned building that would destroy most everything in its wake, except perhaps the heavy marble tiles in the luxury apartments. The phenomenon is called the "chimney effect."AN ARMY OF IMMIGRANT WORKERSAn army of immigrant workers from India, Pakistan and Bangladesh, who make up about two-thirds of Dubai's residents, built the Burj. Only one in five residents is considered a "local" entitled to a United Arab Emirates passport. Scores of marketing strategists take steps to ensure that no one scrapes away at the silver varnish of this architectural marvel.Security guards quickly remind anyone who comes too close to the construction site of the meaning of the word "unauthorized." Those who are invited to tour the building, or even just the grounds, are required to sign a non-disclosure agreement, the terms of which are to be obey "finally, irrevocably and unconditionally." Anyone who violates the terms can expect to face a judge in Dubai.All of this will apply for only a little more than two weeks, until Jan. 4, 2010, the official opening date -- already rescheduled several times -- when the developers hope that the tower will begin serving its purpose as a magnet for a two-square-kilometer new development zone, where the wind was still blowing empty plastic bags across the desert sand only five years ago. And when the Burj Dubai opens, it will likely be one of the last major projects for some time in a city that has risen to dizzying heights and now faces the prospect of a precipitous fall.On a single day, Tuesday of last week, prices on Dubai's stock exchange fell by an average of 6 percent. The Islamic bond issued by real estate developer Nakheel fell to 52 cents a share, at a face value of $1 per share. The rating agency Moody's downgraded six other government-related firms to junk status. Hardly anyone believes that Dubai World, the largest of these companies, will be able to refinance its $26 billion debt within six months, as originally scheduled. The US bank Morgan Stanley predicts another drastic increase in the debt restructuring needs of Dubai's government-related firms to double the current level, or about $47 billion."Within a year, Dubai went from being the best-performing real estate market to one of the world's worst," writes the International Herald Tribune. Has the Persian Gulf emirate, once praised for its seemingly dazzling future, bitten off more than it can chew? Is the role model for a future-oriented Arabian Peninsula, with aspirations to become a hub of globalization between the East and the West, nothing less than a model for the future -- a failure?Ironically, it was the Wall Street Journal, standard-bearer of the West's brand of conservative capitalism, that warned against American and European arrogance and the tendency to write off the upstarts in the Gulf region and in the Third World in general. "The old centers ... view the Dubais, the Shanghais and the Rios with suspicion and with errant conviction that their models are built on foundations of sand, ready to collapse, when it was their own foundations that have proved to be weak," the paper writes. "Judging from the misguided reaction to Dubai's challenges, the past year hasn't changed those attitudes. That should make us worried, very worried, but not about Dubai."It is too early to sound the death bell for Dubai. That, at least, is the impression the sheikhs will try to make when they open the Burj Dubai in early January.A SUPREMELY ELEGANT EDIFICEStill, it would be condescending to dispute that the tower is an impressive, supremely elegant edifice, or that it is nothing less than graceful compared with the plain, cuboids from the age of functionalism or the gaudy, modern towers in places like Kuala Lumpur and Taipei.According to the tower's US architect, Adrian Smith, the floor plan, a central core surrounded by three lobes, is patterned on the blossom structure of the Hymenocallis flower, a shape that simultaneously creates more visible surface area and reduces the wind pressure acting on buildings this tall. As it tapers upward, one of the three lobes is shifted slightly backward about every eight floors, an effect that is reminiscent of an Islamic spiral minaret and provides the tower with 26 terraces. There will be an outdoor pool on one of the terraces, on the 78th floor, and the 124th floor (at 442 meters, or 1,450 feet, above sea level) will feature the world's third-highest observation deck.Uwe Hinrichs, 68, a native of the northern German city of Bremen, had already been involved in the construction of another Dubai landmark, the sail-shaped Burj-al-Arab Hotel, when he arrived on the construction site of his life in late 2004. The concrete foundation had already been poured, on top of 850 piles, driven up to 55 meters into the desert floor to support a load of 230,000 cubic meters of concrete and 31,000 tons of steel."From a construction standpoint," says Hinrichs, "the Burj Dubai is a relatively simple structure." One of the biggest challenges, according to Hinrichs, was the logistics of the project, an around-the-clock effort that lasted five years -- five years during which people, machines and material always had to be in the right place at the right time, 24 hours a day. Coordinating the whole thing was Hinrichs' job. His levelheaded northern German disposition proved advantageous in his position as chief coordinator, as did the fact that the people he reported to had no objection to the fact that he occassionally leaves Dubai to attend a concert in Vienna or a Rembrandt exhibition in Muscat in the neighboring country of Oman.PART 2: BAILOUTS FROM ABU DHABIIn 2004, a crew of about 2,000 people began building one floor at a time, completing an average of one per week. When interior construction entered its final phase in the fall of 2009, there were 14,000 people working on the project, people from 45 nations, speaking 35 different languages -- engineers in white helmets, security personnel in red helmets and laborers in blue helmets -- and yet there was no Babylonian linguistic confusion on the site. The workers completed a total of 95 million working hours, many at starvation wages. A skilled carpenter earned no more than €12 a day, while ordinary laborers made even less.Façade components were shipped from China, marble panels from Italy and veneers from Brazil. German companies were also involved in Burj Dubai's construction: Lopark, from the western state of North Rhine-Westphalia, supplied parquet flooring, entire football fields of it. The German branch of the US firm Guardian, based in the eastern state of Saxony-Anhalt, provided 174,000 square meters (1.8 million square feet) of solar glass. Dorma, from Ennepetal in North Rhine-Westphalia, supplied hinges and fittings. Duravit provided approximately 4,000 bidets and toilets. And Miele delivered 7,650 household appliances -- the biggest single order in the company's history. Designer Giorgio Armani bought 15,200 plates and cups from Bavarian porcelain maker Rosenthal for his hotel on the first eight floors of the building.German companies also played important roles in the development and processing of the basic core material of the Burj Dubai: concrete. Because concrete dries too quickly at daytime temperatures above 40 degrees Celsius (104 degrees Fahrenheit), the concrete was poured at night. German chemical giant BASF developed a special chemical to make the concrete more malleable initially and later rigid. Putzmeister, a maker of concrete pumps near Stuttgart, provided special high-performance pumps to pump the concrete up to the 160th floor.Quietly and uneventfully, which was entirely to Hinrichs' liking, the tower grew, floor after floor -- until June 6, 2007, when the weather service at the airport e-mailed Hinrichs a satellite image showing a cyclone that had developed over the Indian Ocean, the biggest storm ever recorded in the region, which was heading directly for the Strait of Hormuz. "That was the only day in five years," says Hinrichs, "when we had to close the construction site."The Dubai tower had already surpassed all superlatives in building history. It had overtaken the 509-meter Taipei 101 Tower as the tallest inhabited building in the world, as well as Toronto's 553-meter CN Tower as the tallest freestanding structure. Dubai had arrived at what had become the most ambitious of its goals. The city, a village of pearl divers only a generation earlier, had brought a world record back to the Middle East. For almost four millennia, the Great Pyramid of Giza (138.8 meters) was the world's tallest man-made structure, before it was overtaken by Lincoln Cathedral in England (160 meters, at the time) in 1311.TREMORSWhat could now unhinge this economic miracle on the Gulf? A terrorist attack? A new Gulf war, this time against Iran? Another earthquake, even stronger than the one that hit the region on Sept. 10, 2008?On the day of the cyclone on Sept. 10, 2008, a crane operator working 700 meters above the ground had called Hinrichs to report that it was "shaking" where he was standing. Tremors had shaken the Iranian port city of Bandar Abbas, but in Dubai, few (other than the crane operator) had even noticed.Five days later, Dubai was struck by another sort of tremor, but this one had its epicenter in New York, another city of skyscrapers. On Sept. 15, 2008, Lehman Brothers, the world's fourth-largest investment bank, filed for bankruptcy.Not just Dubai, but the West, too, had been building a tower in the years of the real estate boom, a tower of debt, which now came crashing down. But despite the vast sums of money involved in the crisis in the West, it was and largely remains a strangely abstract phenomenon. Not so in Dubai, however, which reflects the financial debacle more vividly than any other city in the world."Classic megalomania seems to have migrated from people's minds to the system itself. Nowadays the system is crazier than the people," says German philosopher Peter Sloterdijk. "That's why we, as human beings, are terribly disappointed by the course of the crisis. There was not a single colorful individual (in Europe) to make the crisis more interesting. I've never seen such an enormous conspiracy of petty bourgeoise people than at the moment."Sloterdijk may be right when it comes to the bankers, analysts and finance ministers of the West. But he apparently has never heard of Sheikh Mohammed Bin Rashid Al Maktoum, 60, a horse breeder and poet, a lover of fast powerful cars, an avid falconer and a juggler of billions. Maktoum is the ruler of Dubai and the prime minister of the United Arab Emirates. "Many leaders make promises," he said in February 2008, when the Free University of Berlin awarded him its medal of honor, "but we deliver."Maktoum had artificial islands built in the waters off his city, with names like The Palm, The World and The Universe. Not just the Free University, but the entire West was fascinated by his energy and optimism. Like the thoroughbred horses in his racing stable, he sent the most capable of his lieutenants into the orbit of globalization, and along the way they built new towers, bought ports and sent airliners out into the world.'CRISIS? WHAT CRISIS?'One real estate company after the next was founded -- Dubai Holding, Dubai Properties, Tatweer, Meraas, Sama -- and it soon became difficult to keep track of who was building what and with whose money. Apparently not even the sheikh himself was always in the know.Only about a year ago, investors were still crowding into the "CityScape Dubai" real estate convention. Former race-car driver Michael Schumacher was there, touting a skyscraper with a covered yacht berth. Nakheel, which is now in very dire financial straits, was seriously talking about the possibility of building a 1,000-meter tower. And, on the palm-shaped Jumeirah island, Dubai spent $20 million on fireworks to celebrate the opening of the fairytale Atlantis Hotel. "Crisis?" the city seemed to ask, "what crisis?"A year few weeks later, one of Sheikh Mohammed's officials presented the bill: Dubai had amassed $80 billion in debt, $50 billion of which, or about two-thirds of its gross domestic product, was scheduled to mature by 2013.For a few days, the sheikh suddenly disappeared from the scene. Rumors emerged he was ill and that he was "melancholy." Then he reappeared and began to whitewash the situation, claiming that the crisis had not affected Dubai, that Dubai had actually overcome the crisis, and that Dubai and its wealthy neighbor, Abu Dhabi, were as close and inseparable as brothers.But the "brothers" from the neighboring sheikdom, with whom the Dubaians form the bulk of the United Arab Emirates, no longer wanted any part of Dubai's excesses. Abu Dhabi has 7 percent of worldwide oil reserves, and its 64-year-old emir, Sheikh Khalifa bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, is the president of the UAE, while Dubai's Sheikh Mohammed is only its premier -- and Abu Dhabi now views the prestigious activities of his relative in the neighboring emirate with growing mistrust, and probably some envy.At the beginning of the year, Abu Dhabi rescued Dubai from the worst of its problems with a $20 billion cash injection. The emirate stepped in again earlier this week, providing Dubai with an additional $10 billion in financial aid. The emirate may have abundant assets in its $500 billion sovereign wealth fund, but how much longer will it be willing to bailout its neighbor? The sheikhs of Abu Dhabi seem to prefer to spend their money on sounder, more sustainable projects, such as an emissions-free eco-city called Masdar, where the emirate plans to conduct research on projects for the post-petroleum age.In the last four weeks, the sheikh has revealed -- not always voluntarily -- how serious the crisis is and how deeply it affects him. At first, the normally restrained sheikh lost his composure and told the critical Western media to "shut up," and then he dismissed three of his closest advisers on the emirate's central financial council. A short time later, he waxed poetic when he described the crisis as "the fruit-bearing tree that becomes the target of stone-throwers."PART 3: A SYMBOL OF EARTHLY TEMPTATIONIn truth, Sheikh Mohammed, the poet-prince, has good reasons to look forward to the day when the Burj Dubai opens its doors. With one snip of the red ribbon, he will be taking up the thread of a great epic, a saga of humanity that goes well beyond the financial problems of a debt-ridden Gulf emirate. Once before, the Eastern World is said to have been the home another groundbreaking tower, in Babylon, the legendary Mesopotamian city between the Tigris and the Euphrates.Archeologists have confirmed that the Tower of Babel did indeed exist in the 3rd century B.C. They estimate that the skyscraper of antiquity was 90 meters tall, a marvel of the day, and was constructed on a platform that was 90 meters square. If this were true, the tower would have been one-ninth as tall as the latest wonder of the modern world. According to the Bible, the Tower of Babel was much more than a building, but rather a symbol of earthly temptation. "Come, let us build ourselves a city, and a tower with its top in the heavens, and let us make a name for ourselves." These words, which sound strikingly like a motto of today's rulers of Dubai, are in fact from the Book of Genesis in the Old Testament. Even today, many of the faithful believe that endeavoring to be like God is a presumption that must invariably lead to punishment.MEGALOMANIA OR A GRAND ACHIEVEMENT?Nevertheless, the excessive building of cities and towers seems to be a cross-cultural constant, a dream and nightmare alike for mankind, from the Babylonians to the heroes and villains of the present. The ruler of Dubai isn't the only one who has carried out his plans in reinforced concrete and gleaming facades.President Nursultan Nazarbayev of Kazakhstan had Astana, an entire city of monumental avenues, triumphal arches and pyramids built as his new capital, where marble contrasts with granite, buildings are topped by gigantic glass domes and, on the Bayterek Tower, every subject can place his or her hand in a golden imprint of the president's hand.In the Burmese jungle, dictatorial generals had an absurd new capital, Naypyidaw, or "Seat of the Kings," conjured up out of nothing. Yamoussoukro, the capital of Côte d'Ivoire and a memorial to the country's now-deceased first president, Félix Houphouët-Boigny, is even a step closer to the brink. The city is filled with grandiose buildings, but there are hardly any people to be seen. The Basilica of Notre Dame de la Paix is a piece of lunacy inspired by the Basilica of St. Peter in the Vatican, but the African church is even bigger than St. Peter's. Indeed, it is the world's largest Catholic church.It is easy to ridicule the megalomaniacs and their hubris and to rail against the record-breaking mania reflected in their ostentatious buildings, phallic symbols of the rise to power of nouveau-riche potentates.And yet, aren't Brasilia and Canberra, the South American and Australian versions of the man-made model city, remarkable successes? Hasn't history proven at least a few visionaries right, people whose achievements we continue to marvel at today: the creators of Giza on the Nile, Machu Picchu in the Andes and Angkor in Cambodia, or the planners of St. Petersburg?Today, the pyramids of the pharaohs, the mountain fortress of the Incas and the sacral ruins of the Khmer are admired as part of the world's cultural heritage, places that attest to man's greatness. They are the great and magnificent achievements of past eras. Nowadays, the center of St. Petersburg -- designed on the drawing board, like Dubai today, more than 300 years ago -- is still considered an ideal city and an example of successful urban planning.Where the emirates are built on sand, the banks of the Neva River were once swampland. At the behest of the czar, St. Petersburg was not just created as Russia's window to the West, but as a reflection of what the modernists of the day defined as utopian. "Now, city of Peter, stand thou fast, Foursquare, like Russia; vaunt thy splendor! The very element shall surrender And make her peace with thee at last," Alexander Pushkin, the congenial poetic counterpart to Peter the Great, wrote in his poem "The Bronze Horseman." It was pure hubris, cast in the form of magnificent verse.What happens today in Dubai -- or in Shanghai or Astana -- generally happens under the conditions of an authoritarian form of government. In democracies, people cannot be dispossessed and driven off their property but, instead, can hire attorneys to assert their rights. In democracies, more or less reasonable building codes and ordinances, as well as licensed appraisers, ensure that uncontrolled growth and injustices are kept in check. But this limiting effect also applies to creativity, spontaneity and "positive" megalomania, resulting in a general leveling of things.THE VIRTUE OF TAKING THE PLUNGE"This society is mediocre," the poet and sharp-tongued contemporary critic Hans Magnus Enzensberger once wrote about German reality. "Its political leaders and its works of art are mediocre, as are its representatives and its taste, its joys, its opinions, its architecture, its media, its fears, vices and afflictions." And then, in his essay "Mediocrity and Delusion," Enzensberger writes: "There is something cathartic about this realization."Somewhere between Western suburbs and Yamoussoukro lies Dubai. Whether its Burj, its tower, will ever become a part of the world's cultural heritage is still open, as is the question of how long it will remain the world's tallest structure. China, Saudi Arabia and Kuwait are already planning towers that will be much taller than the Burj Dubai, reaching more than 1,000 meters into the sky.In the Book of Isaiah, the Bible describes the fall of Babel as follows: "And suddenly your downfall will come, and it will come unexpectedly." If the words of the Old Testament are to be believed, the megalomaniacal tower builders of today cannot expect external support: "Thus shall they be unto thee with whom thou hast labored, even thy merchants, from thy youth: They shall wander every one to his quarter; none shall save thee."The Burj Dubai was not cheap, and perhaps it was even unaffordable. But at least the sheikhs of Dubai have taught their contemporaries one virtue: the virtue of taking the plunge.

...... ...... ...... ...... ...... 左手耍板斧、右手耍宝剑 --黑旋风也做不到-- 连黑旋风也做不到的好汉，真胡子，全身盔甲纸糊的-- 师傅说，把戏唱好， 能把《三国志》唱成《三国演义》 这个国家就有救了。 于是唱戏的人，脚踩云底靴， 唱出了英雄时代，在一个没有英雄的时代。 他那呼啸山林的嗓子，回荡，   招来鸟雀，像死魂灵。 它们看看而已，听听而已， 不敢闯进乱哄哄的戏园子。   戏园子里外的游手好闲之徒招不得。 喝茶的，嗑瓜子的，叫好的。 沉默不语的民间社会。   扮作小媳妇的人挺不出乳房却准备登场， 头戴点蓝银凤冠，手持红缨枪又叫长矛。 为假女人叫好，乃戏园子传统之一。   这黑道的必经之路：戏园子。 黑道的戏园子传统与白道的戏园子传统 其实没什么两样。人多人少的问题。     ﹡﹡﹡     砍头。 刽子手铁塔般站着，古老职业的骄傲的继承人-- 骄傲得脸撑圆，肚子挺出腰带。   可兹骄傲者非砍头这一行， 但这一行太古老，残酷  却是文化的一部分。 "晚岁为诗欠砍头"--什么人的疯话？   郁郁寡欢者铁了心肠，却活着。 那被砍头的人跪着，表示服从，表示愿意配合刽子手， 而雪花飘下六月天。   君君臣臣父父子子，相互配合的关系。 在不平等中相互配合需要在下者的牺牲精神。 不能不说这有点儿伟大。   伟大而被砍头-- 看砍头的人中有人满意： 达·芬奇面色冰冷混在人群中--   见过被吊死的，还没见过被砍头的。 他会怎样疼？疼多久？ 画家的天职不是同情。   其他人围拢， 只为看到头颅被怎样砍下，怎样在地上滚动，还眨眼睛。 即使知道柿子怎样被摘下依然有必要看清人头如何被砍下。   叫好声准备妥当。砍头。 先试试砍蚂蚁的头，砍蜻蜓的头。 避免被砍头就得高飞在天上--砍不着小鸟的头。   而失败者，探测到历史伦理的最深处。 菜市口  如今哄卖黄金的所在， 一个寻找自己头颅的无头鬼将别人的脑袋一脚踢开。     ﹡﹡﹡     小鸡巴头一点儿胭脂红。 小灯笼里的小火苗照着个小小的读书人。 黄色小说装点伟大文明。--只有自己人知道。   弹古琴高山流水可以正心诚意不错。 弹三弦的不懂得正心诚意就相信了阶级斗争。 既不会正心诚意也不懂阶级斗争的读黄色小说熬夜到天明。   《如意君传》文辞典雅，不是《花花公子》的文风。 《灯草和尚》想象力发达，爱说色情笑话的傻逼们可以休矣。 《痴婆子传》像《自我主义者》，都是心理小说的峰巅之作。   文明的后背身，就像月亮的后背身。 焚书的火已经点着了--不读就来不及读了。 《四书》、《五经》也一样--不读就来不及读了。   康有为作《大同书》，娶小老婆， 泛舟西湖复活了苏东坡泛舟西湖的情景。 文明的两面：大老婆和小老婆，有如孔孟之道和黄色小说。   不足与人道也。 事实正如此。 国家越大犄角旮旯之多越掩盖不住。   孔夫子一生充满来不及的感觉。 "朝闻道夕死可也"说给那些时刻感到来不及的人。 用天道治理国家从来没有来得及实现过。     ﹡﹡﹡     我在自家院子里夜观星象，那边观象台上值班的小吏心胸狭小。 满天星斗对他来讲说明不了什么。 培养了幽默感，丧失了庄严感。   秦始皇驾崩时的星象与汉武帝驾崩时的星象一样吗？ 都是大皇帝而没有一样的星象挂在天上这是怎么一回事？ 张子房、诸葛亮、刘伯温这些鬼机灵被编来编去编成了骗子。   唱戏的小舞台，简单的道具，桌子和椅子 据说是传统。繁星满天据说也是传统， 月明星稀据说也是传统。   骗子们呼风唤雨，乌云是为骗子们准备的。 老实人只会歌颂大晴天。 老实人里出不来刘邦、刘备和朱元璋。   亚历山大大帝的星象图只管到克什米尔， 并且是在亚历山大活着的时候； 克什米尔人的星象图不同于福建人的星象图。   没人问我心胸狭小的形而上学依据是什么。 我夜观星相，国富民强的星象是什么？ 江南制造局里翻译数学书的人不懂星象学。   皇上有难的星象。"奉天承运，皇帝诏曰"。 皇上在乾清宫揉眼睛。 大清国的近视眼在心底呼唤工业文明。晚了。没陛下什么事。   洋为中用，古为今用，中学为体，西学为用--用吧，用吧。 钦天监里的天象仪转不动了。一堆老古董 科学价值低于古董价值。古董价值与股票价值此消彼长。     ﹡﹡﹡     别人的大同世界推进到家门口。 措手不及的感觉。 上海海关大楼上的钟声如同寒山寺里的钟声。悠扬。   海关大楼里坐着忠心耿耿的英国人， 罗伯特·哈特。 比中国人还中国人的外国人傍着青花瓷打盹。   英国人盗版青花瓷图案不觉得欠谁， 世界主义者不欠谁。 黄浦江上驶船的老汉不是世界主义者。   1789年，法国大革命，停泊在黄埔村港口的外国船只： 英国船61艘，美国船15艘， 荷兰船5艘，法国船1艘，丹麦船1艘，葡萄牙船3艘。   后来北洋水师里长官下口令使用英语。 香港人喊警察"阿Sir"。电影导演在片场喊："Cut！" 吾皇万岁万岁万万岁！   英国人里也有好的。彬彬有礼。 庄士敦，皇上的老师，虽然反动但对皇上忠心耿耿。 就像郑孝胥，虽然喜欢日本人但对皇上忠心耿耿。   庄士敦回到伦敦，升黄龙旗在自家院子里； 在黄龙旗下著书立说，英国国王管不着。 邻居们小声议论。私有制的好处是容纳怪癖。     ﹡﹡﹡     吾皇万岁万岁万万岁。 吾皇三百二十二人中也有好的。 吾皇宽宏大量，把宣武门的一小片土地卖给了利玛窦。   利玛窦穿儒服，徐光启有面子。 康熙道："难道我们满洲人在祭祀中所树立的杆子 不如尔等的十字架荒唐吗？"   艾儒略不得不瑟瑟发抖。 他写完《职方外纪》，也就写尽了天下的边边角角， 只是未写到脚下生虱子的土地--这不是他的使命。   艾儒略瑟瑟发抖，请求上帝饶恕自己不务正业-- 他没能广布福音， 却殚精竭虑为中国皇帝尽了点"绵薄之力"。   尽管已在儒雅而野蛮的公子王孙间混得一个虚名， 艾儒略还是瑟瑟发抖。 他收起笔墨纸砚，同时收起他的怪念头。   野蛮人没有到来。野蛮人就在身边。 瑟瑟发抖的艾儒略手握冰凉的白银十字架， 跨上谦卑的小毛驴，一颠一颠，一直走到坟墓里。   康熙道："尔等可常来朕前，朕要开导开导尔等。" 耶稣会士全是间谍，学问好，尤其数学好得很。 吾皇数学亦好得很，但弄不懂耶稣、孔子谁更有本领。   为了安全起见吾皇将《七克》的作者庞迪我驱赶到澳门。     ﹡﹡﹡     鸦片在印度装船。 英国议会里关于向中国贩卖鸦片是否道德的辩论。 帝国主义的强词夺理。多年以后电视里的布莱尔能言善辩。   民主制度、议会制度鼓励雄辩术。 撰写《雄辩术》的亚里士多德暗地里热爱英国人的光荣革命。 精英里的精英，柏拉图，以对话的形式自言自语。   政治，在中国，老生常谈和苯嘴拙舌。 "君子敏于行而纳于言。" "君子有终身之忧无一朝之患也。"   戚戚小人们的社会贡献被忽略了。 戚戚小人们听戏，受教育，听相声，受教育。 戚戚小人们有正直的红扑扑的脸蛋。   "中国人写诗还可以，不过连写诗也是一代不如一代。" "道德主义和实用主义的德行样。" "所以向中国贩卖鸦片并非不道德。"靠。   以上种种在英国的英国人和在印度的英国人都这么看。 吉卜林眼镜戴在鼻子上。 不懂诗歌的东西！   不懂诗歌的东西眼看孟买的鸦片贸易之利有了维多利亚英国的模样， 遂写诗过一过押韵的瘾， 然后散步于英印混搭的孟买，它以大清朝的白银为地基。 

浩达与阿明为推进知识分子与民间运动的联结、交流及对诘，从二○○三年开始，每年出版《抵抗的全球化》文集，邀约全球各地的公共知识分子撰文，既介绍和反思各地运动经验，也寻求思想的汇聚与交锋。

10月11日，中国作家莫言被授予2012年度诺贝尔文学奖。当晚，著名学者、北京大学中文系教授张颐武教授，分析了莫言获奖的时代大背景。在首先指出"莫言荣获诺贝尔文学奖当然是实至名归的事情"之后，张教授强调： "我总是觉得再有十年左右莫言就可以获奖，但现实是瑞典文学院比我们更具想象力和更大胆。这其实......是当下的历史情势的超常规的的选择，......瑞典文学院这一次做了超前的，而且最富前瞻性的选择，......这件事说明瑞典文学院是从大尺度，大历史、大空间看待自己的奖项，莫言的得奖其实是中国的崛起和发展带来的结果，中国文明已经不能被忽视。......中国只要发展的好，就会有更多的荣誉送来。这是必然的。" 著名学者、《中国不高兴》作者之一王小东先生，则用更为直白的话语道破了天机： "80年代我就看过莫言写的小说，说实话，我也没有觉得莫言的作品特别突出，只能说还行。但文无第一，武无第二，其他很多文学奖获得者的作品也未必就好到哪去。正因为如此，诺贝尔文学奖和和平奖一样，评奖时出于政治的考量很多。众所周知，像颁给前苏联作家就是冷战的需要。那么这次颁给莫言呢？我认为是傍大款的需要。" 当前，欧洲人成天找中国借钱来减缓财政危机，中国企业正在大举并购欧洲的老牌企业，中国的能源企业正在投资英国的核电站和葡萄牙的电网，中国的消费者正在支撑欧洲顶级奢侈品。在这个地球上，中国不是大款又是什么呢？欧洲不傍中国这个大款，又能去傍谁呢？ 笔者认同张颐武教授和王小东先生的判断。金钱上都傍中国了，语言以及文化方面也就不可避免了。这方面，精明的瑞典人并不迟钝。对于中国的经济实力的雄厚和中国企业竞争力的强劲，瑞典人应该有着切身的体会。早在2003年，中国就已取代日本成为瑞典在亚洲最大的贸易伙伴。继2010年瑞典著名的汽车企业沃尔沃公司被中国的吉利汽车集团买下后，2011年，瑞典另一家老牌车企萨博公司也险些被中国企业纳入麾下。曾几何时，瑞典电信巨头、百年老企爱立信以及西门子、阿尔卡特朗讯等，一直位居全球顶级通信设备制造商行列。可是不知不觉间，中国的华为公司和中兴通讯公司异军突起，逐步蚕食了爱立信等企业的市场份额。2012年7月传来消息，华为公司2012年上半年的销售收入首次超过爱立信，荣登世界榜首。 2011年7月，瑞典教育大臣扬·比约克隆德公开表示："我希望看到瑞典成为第一个在所有中小学都教授汉语课的欧洲国家。"比约克隆德计划在10至15年之内，全国中小学都将开设汉语课作为第二外语。有瑞典人总结得好："今天让瑞典人学中文，是顺理成章的。就像瑞典人18世纪开始学习法语，之后开始学习德语和英语一样。" 今天，莫言能够获得了诺贝尔文学奖，当然首先依靠的是莫言自身的努力，不过除此之外，我们恐怕很难否认华为、中兴通讯、吉利汽车这样的中国企业无形之中所提供的巨大帮助。 莫言获奖，离不开中国的崛起。那么中国崛起、中国成为全球大款，又仰仗着谁呢？在此我要提一下诺奖之外的另一次评选。 2009年底，"中国工人"群体荣登美国《时代》周刊年度人物评选的亚军。尽管美联储主席本·伯南克排名首位，但是，全球有六成网民认为他"根本不配"，亚军"中国工人"成为大家心目中事实上的冠军。 《时代》总编辑理查德·斯坦格尔对此解释道："几乎每年，中国对全球经济的发展都至关重要。没有中国工人，就没有中国8%的经济增长，世界经济也会处于最糟糕的境地。所以中国工人是观察中国对世界影响的一个角度，这种影响实在是无法估量。" 2008年全球金融危机爆发后，中国之所以能够单枪匹马拯救全球经济，主要就是依靠了中国工人的贡献。"是中国工人撑起了中国的天空，因此不能只有外国媒体赞扬他们，中国应该牢记工人才是经济的支柱。没有他们，中国不能阔步前进；有了他们，世界才会感激中国。"澳大利亚《商业观察家》在《时代》评选"中国工人"为年度人物后做了这样的点评。 一个月前，美国总统奥巴马在总统竞选提名演说中，曲折地表示了对中国及中国工人的羡慕。奥巴马指出，美国要重新恢复繁荣，就需要拥有像中国那样的工人、工程师和科学家大军。 遗憾的是，今天的中国人却似乎没有"牢记"这一点：工人才是中国的"支柱"。那无数为奥巴马所艳羡的优秀白领蓝领、工人工程师，在中国并没有得到应有的尊重，不论是从舆论的角度看，还是从现实待遇的角度看。长期以来，中国工人的付出与收入本来就不匹配，可是自去年以来，媒体上充斥着"劳动成本上升"的抱怨。像陈志武教授，竟然连区区劳动合同法都不容忍，而已故的被被南方周末封为宪政良心的蔡定剑先生，则认为确立最低工资标准是不应该的。 中国工人当选2009年《时代》周刊年度人物的意义，要远大于莫言荣获诺贝尔文学奖。没有皮，何来毛？没有这些白领蓝领、工人工程师，华为、中兴通讯、吉利这样的企业就无法让瑞典人刮目相看，莫言获得诺贝尔文学奖的时间也可能要大幅推迟--如莫言自己过去所说的那样需要"百年以后"。因此，我们在祝贺莫言获得诺贝尔文学奖之际，也不要忘记那些中国工人。  2012年十月十二日 

随着女权主义者对性别平等问题误读的不断增加，相关分析于1995年首次出现，并引发了社会学家和经济学家持续、激烈的学术争论。但是，女权主义者的许多观点仍然主导着人们对女性在职场和家庭中角色的看法。不仅如此，新的误读还在不断产生，且试图将女性描绘成普遍受害者形象。这些误读没有可靠的社会科学研究基础，但却广为流传。

在华西村里，这个熟人社会的人际网络的实际存在，至少对政治和经济的分化构成一个有力的限制，以吴仁宝为代表的干部群体主动认同于自己的社区，而不是借助上级政府的权威强硬地实现改制把绝大多数利益归于自己，这无疑极大地增加了社区成员对于他们的认同，从而减少了管理的阻力和援引强硬手段的必要

最近，“纽约时报”报道美国田纳西河流域管理公司(Tennessee Valley Authority，以下称TVA)将对其下六个核反应堆进行详尽的安全检测。这固然是世界各国在日本福岛核泄漏事件后的一致反应，但也可能与美国通用电 力公司同时是日本福岛核反应堆和美国田纳西河流域核反应堆的主要设备供应商有关。但两者有一个关键的制度差别：东京电力株式会社是私有，而美国田纳西河流 域管理公司是国有。 日本自由作家加藤嘉一在英国“金融时报”中文网发表“东京电力应该国有化”的文章，认为“如果类似的事情发生在中国，我相信，中国必然立即成立以温家宝或 其他官员负责的“指挥部”，以举国体制投入抢险救灾…其实，东电当然也是想救灾的，不过它的利益毕竟首先是股东的利益，必然带有“最好别让外界知道问题” 的侥幸心理，这就极大的影响和耽误了这场特殊事故的救灾进度”。 有趣的是，加藤嘉一尽管力主东京电力国有化，但他没有联系到美国国有的田纳西河流域管理公司。也许他是日本的“80后”，对美国波澜壮阔的罗斯福新政历史 了解不多。但我们中国对TVA的通常翻译是“田纳西河流域管理局”，而不是“田纳西河流域管理公司”，这反映出我们国内对TVA的了解也不多。 其实，TVA的历史极为精彩，如果了解它不是“局”，而是“公司”，即美国政府为管理田纳西流域特设的国有公司，将有助于我们理解重庆八大国有投资集团从原政府的“局”转型为公司（如原重庆市水利局转型为重庆市水利投资集团有限公司）的意义。 TVA的前身是一次世界大战期间威尔逊总统在阿拉巴马州北部田纳西河畔的马瑟肖尔斯建筑的水坝，其目的是利用水利资源生产硝酸盐。一战结束后，新任哈定总 统曾企图将这一国有资产廉价售与私人，由于“进步派”国会参议员乔治·诺里斯的反对，未能如愿。罗斯福新政的主题之一是用国有电力公司取代私有电力公司的 垄断。他１９３３年１月就任总统后，立即视察了田纳西河流域。同年４月１０日，罗斯福向国会提出综合治理田纳西河流域的田纳西河流域管理公司法案，并于５ 月１８日签署生效至今。 田纳西河全长1043公里，流经七个州，流域面积10.4万平方公里。从１９３３至１９５２年，TVA在田纳西河及其支流共建造２０座新水坝，改建５座原 有水坝，使该河流域再没有洪水泛滥，还大大减轻俄亥俄及密西西比两河流域的洪水威胁。TVA鼓励农民使用它生产的低价化肥，帮助农民组织合作社，将低价电 力输入农村，大幅提高了农民收入。 美国保守派历来把新政期间国有并延续至今的田纳西河流域管理公司视为眼中钉，里根总统就是因为1960年代公开批判TVA而先当选加州州长的。但是，罗斯 福新政的关键制度至今屹立不倒。罗斯福在“田纳西河流域管理公司法”通过时的讲话简直也可以为重庆“8大国有投资集团”定性：“田纳西河流域管理公司穿着 政府的衣服但有着民营企业的灵活性和创新精神”。 有趣的是，TVA实施整个田纳西河流域综合治理与全面发展的规划，牵涉到７个州，要求有关州、县、市、镇当局及各种各样机构协调合作，这和重庆新成立的两 江新区和两江集团的“1+3”和 “三托一”的管理体制（两江新区管委会和江北、渝北、北碚三个行政区）也有些相似，TVA在区域发展方面的成败经验也可借鉴.

上世纪三十年代，陈寅恪先生在论及古典解读方法时，曾强调指出："夫解释古书，其谨严方法，在不改原有之字，仍用习见之义，故解释之愈简易，亦愈近真谛。并须旁采史实人情，以为参证，不可仅于文句之间，反覆研求，遂谓已尽其含义也。"不过，作为二十世纪一位与主流思潮和时代变迁始终有意识地保持距离的学术大师，他对当日中国学术的变迁，尽管有着鞭辟入里的观察和思考，但在许多场合，却都采用委婉的方式表达出来，常赋予寻常的字句以不寻常的含义。其思想的深刻和表述的含蓄，使得后来的研究者在解读他的著作时，常常情不自禁地往深处想，从深处解。这样的解释路径，为余英时先生的《陈寅恪晚年诗文释证》发挥到极致，就其对陈寅恪先生晚年诗作的诠释看，无疑是非常成功的。不过，陈寅恪留下的诗作中，是否每一首都意旨遥深，非要曲折推究，才能明其所指呢？其实未必。忽略了这一点，过于求深，反倒难免牵强之嫌。时下对陈寅恪先生1927年《寄傅斯年》一诗的解释，似乎就存在这个问题。  先看原诗，"不伤春去不论文，北海南溟对夕曛。正始遗音真绝响，元和新脚未成军。今生事业余田舍，天下英雄独使君。解识玉珰缄札意，梅花亭畔吊朝云。"这首诗首见于1927年7月6日的《吴宓日记》之中。因其中"正始遗音真绝响，元和新脚未成军"包含陈氏不多的对二十年代学术流变的整体观察，引起民国学术史研究者的重视和讨论。关注的焦点就集中于中间四句，特别是"元和新脚"的所指。王晴佳认为，"元和新脚"意指傅斯年及其组建的史语所（详参氏著《陈寅恪、傅斯年之关系及其他--以台湾中研院所见档案为中心》，《学术研究》2005年第11期，页91）。至于"天下英雄独使君"一句，余英时先生认为实暗指陈和傅斯年的分歧。"盖傅陈虽为好友，但学术上各有不同，真正为陈学术知音的是王国维。王国维死后，陈知音难觅，借此诗抒发四顾茫然的孤独感。这种孤独之感成为陈逐步脱离与西方日本东方学关系殊深的'塞表殊族之史事'学术理路倾向的契机和原因之一。" 他从陈寅恪为文含蓄的角度，认为陈诗"天下英雄独使君"一句中的用典，"是反讽之词，即否定'唯使君与操耳'一语的下半截，以示其立场实与傅氏有别"。还认为"透过这首诗看出陈寅恪此际陷入了四顾茫然的境地"（余英时：《陈寅恪史学三变化》，《中国文化》第十五、十六期页六）。最近，有学者注意到"梅花亭畔吊朝云"一句的重要性，认为其中确有"知音难觅"之感，但认为这句诗是陈寅恪夫子自道，是说"'我[陈]亦乖时不合宜'，而世无知己"。该论者进而引申到下列推论，"也许正是1927年开始，陈寅恪从王国维之死一事中下了决断，一面'吊朝云'以结算过往，一面走他的'既负元和脚'的'不古不今'之路"（李海默：《陈寅恪"梅花亭畔吊朝云"句新解》，《学灯》2011年第一期）。简言之，上述论者的核心观点不外如此，一是认为陈氏诗作与傅氏史语所有关，二是强调陈寅恪与傅斯年的差异乃至隔膜以及陈对傅的不满（如言陈诗中有对傅反讽之意）。但是，如果我们按陈先生所说的"用习见之义"，"考诸史实人情"，就不难发现上述论述实际上均不成立。  先看所谓"元和新脚"实指"傅氏的史语所"。根据杜正胜先生有关傅斯年创办史语所经过的名文《无中生有的志业--傅斯年与史语所的创立》所依据的一手档案史料及其相关考证，国民政府于1927年5月讨论决定建立中央研究院的动议，同年11月通过《中华民国大学院中央研究院组织条例》。傅是1927年年底才知道这个消息，1928年1月左右开始游说蔡元培建立史语所的。而陈赠傅斯年诗是在1927年7月6日的日记中出现的。易言之，即使假定陈寅恪直到7月初才作此诗，他写这首诗时，不用说史语所不存在，就连中央研究院的具体架构还没有成形，陈寅恪如何可能在诗中道及史语所呢？因此，说"元和新脚"实指他后来创办的史语所，显然是错误的。 其二，忽略陈诗写作的初衷，无视它本是寄赠友人之作。先看陈诗的写作初衷，这在诗的标题《寄傅斯年》已经表达得很清楚。诗中第七句"解识玉珰缄札意"，据胡文辉先生考证，典出李商隐《春雨》诗中 "玉珰缄札何由达" 。"解识"者，当然是陈寅恪先生。限于诗体，作者省略了主语，翻译成白话，不外是我拜读大函，这清楚无误地说明这首诗是因傅斯年来信而写的赠答之作。作为赠答之作的诗文，恐怕至少有两种，一种是双方反目成仇，相互讥讽乃至彼此恶言相加。南北朝时孔稚珪的《北山移文》，清代康熙年间陈梦雷因痛斥李光地卖友而写的《绝交书》，都是这方面的先例。另一种是朋友知己之间的相互劝慰，彼此鼓励。在这类赠答中，委婉含蓄善意的批评固然常见，冷嘲热讽倒是不符人情的反常之举。作为精于诗文的陈寅恪，对此自然了然于心。而且，从1926年、1927年陈傅之间的关系看，两人不仅无任何过节，而且正互相引为奥援。傅斯年当时正在广州，主掌新成立的中山大学历史系，并广泛网罗人才，以实践自己的史学理想。而陈寅恪对傅斯年推崇备至，据《吴宓日记》载，陈还同清华大学校长梅贻琦讨论过聘请傅斯年之事。或许有人会从陈傅史学之异来解释。不错，陈强调史中求史识，而傅则有史料即史学的看法，二者确有不同。但是，陈的史识是建立在对史料严密考证基础上的，与傅的观点并非水火不容。因此，1927年陈写寄傅斯年诗时，没有任何必要对好友冷语相加。从这个背景看，说陈诗是要表露自己的 "世无知己"之感，要和傅拉开距离，对他暗示反讽，既不符合多数赠答诗的体例，也大大背离当日的人情史实了。胡文辉在他的著作《陈寅恪诗笺释》就指出这一点（详氏著页50）。  持陈诗含有对傅反讽之意的论者的又一个证据是，陈诗"天下英雄独使君"一句中的用典 "是反讽之词"。这种分析看似精致，实则经不起推敲。首先，陈所用的"天下使君"亦非僻典，不用说陈寅恪、傅斯年这样的文史大师，就是一般读过《三国志》、《三国演义》的读者，也能看出其用意。说陈寅恪用这样一个极其常识化的典故，在赠傅斯年的诗中，来含蓄地表达对他的反讽之意，这未免太低看了傅陈的交情和傅斯年的文史造诣。陈寅恪先生在谈及诠释诗文时，认为不仅要明其中的"古典"，更要注意内含的"今典"。上述论者在陈诗此句的古典上刻意求深，却忘记了陈傅两人当时在学术上相互倚重、英雄惺惺相惜的今典，才会得出陈的这首赠诗存反讽傅斯年的说法。造成这些过于求深之论的关键，就是忽略陈诗是一首答友人诗，不是自述胸臆之作。  如果从赠答诗的角度来看陈寅恪的《寄傅斯年》，不需要任何曲折的分析和复杂的解释，只要按陈寅恪所示的"习见之意"来看，其本身的主旨其实非常清楚。第一、二句"不伤春去不论文，北海南溟对夕曛"中的"不伤春去"点明了写作日期，是春夏之交。"北海"者，陈氏人在北平，故以北海自况。"南溟"者，典出《庄子》"海运则将徙于南溟",意指身在南国的傅斯年。这两句可与同年春天陈写的《春日独游玉泉静明园》"园林故国春芜早，景物空山夕照昏"、"人间不会孤游意"详参看，暗示两人虽然一南一北，远隔天涯，却同有孤独失意之感。这是陈寅恪自况，如下所述，也是对烦恼连连的傅斯年的宽慰。 "正始遗音真绝响，元和新脚未成军"这两句承上启下，字面上是说当日中国学术界旧传统已去，新学术尚未成形，正等待有为者重新整合。当然，从傅本人才华见识和主掌中山大学的语境看，这两句实际上是说，当日中国学术界急需重新整合，傅的努力适逢其时，正好为傅实现自己的史学理想提供了用武之地，这是对他高度肯定和鼓舞之词，同时为第五、六句"今生事业余田舍，天下英雄独使君"作铺垫。当然，其中"正始遗音"、"元和新脚"，或许如余英时先生所言，实指胡适代表的新派史学，但如下所述，也许只是泛泛而论，未必有更具体的所指，我们也无需刻意求深。  这首诗真正有陈寅恪"夫子自道"之意的是第五句"今生事业余田舍"，这句话既是谦词，也透露出王国维去世后陈寅恪先生对时局的失望之意，同时又为下半句"天下英雄独使君"中的"独"字做铺垫。后半句使用了三国曹操称赞刘备"天下英雄，唯使君与操耳"的典故。当日傅斯年虽雄心勃勃，但出掌中大历史系那样重要的学术机构，与刘备同曹操会面时刚刚崛起的局面相似，因此，用"使君"比喻傅斯年，真是恰到好处。至于句中的"独"字，与其说是反讽之意，不如说如王汎森、杜正胜、胡文辉所言，表达的是钦佩之情（详参《陈寅恪诗笺释》页50-51）。盖出掌中大历史系，虽不及后来创建史语所功业恢弘，同样需要宏阔超前的学术眼光和纵横上下的非凡行政才干。从当日学界看，可把这两方面完美结合在一体的学人，也就傅斯年一人而已。就此而言，"独"之一字， 虽是对傅的赞美之辞，但揆诸当日情形和傅氏的贡献，并非过誉之词。  第七句，"解识玉珰缄札意"如前所述，说明寄诗的由来。全诗稍嫌费解的是最后一句"梅花亭畔吊朝云"。朝云是东坡侍女。据《梁溪漫志》卷四"侍儿对东坡语"条："东坡一日退朝，食罢，扪腹徐行，顾谓侍儿曰：'汝辈且道是中有何物？'一婢遽曰：'都是文章。'坡不以为然。又一人曰：'满腹都是识见。'坡亦未以为当。至朝云，乃曰：'学士一肚皮不入时宜。'坡捧腹大笑。"这句确如一位论者所言，有"知音难觅"之意。那么，这里说的是谁知音难觅呢？如果与上一句"解识玉珰缄札意"合起来读，答案就很清楚了，是宽慰来信中牢骚满腹、痛感缺乏知己的傅斯年。这一点，如果从1927年上半年傅在南国广东的处境看，就不难想象了。据杜正胜先生所引朱家骅的回忆，1927年春，傅到达广州不久，就担任中大院长和系主任。同年8月，又担任新成立的历史语言研究所所长之职。看上去，傅春风得意，风光无限，但实际上则是暗流汹涌。首先是广东地方派和傅氏这样的外来户的冲突，搞得傅痛骂当地人士为"野蛮人士"。这类苦楚，固然不足为外人道，但对自己留学德国时就倾心相交的好友陈寅恪先生，傅就无需欲说还休。因此，他在陈称为"玉珰缄札"的信中畅言自己的艰难处境，而陈寅恪以诗相答劝慰，是再正常不过的。但是，陈用"朝云亡"一典，也许含有对傅氏委婉的批评，暗示他对广东的形势过于乐观，实际上，在他周围并没有像朝云之于苏东坡那样的知己，借以提醒他不要对学术界期望太高，孤军奋战是他必须面对的现实，这或许是陈诗中"梅花亭畔吊朝云"一句的真实用意吧。不过，陈以朝云指傅缺乏知音，也是暗以东坡喻傅斯年本人，既有推重之意，更有劝解宽慰之情，希望他如东坡先生那样对眼前的艰难达观以处之，豁达以应之。陈寅恪先生为诗行文之严谨，用典之妥帖，待友之敦厚，于此可见一斑。  这样从浅近处解释也许太过平淡，让那些试图从这首诗中读出陈寅恪本人对上世纪二十年代后期学术观察的学者感到失望。不过，类似的解释路数，不仅为陈先生在本文开始引用的文中所倡导，而且还运用到其有关诗歌的解释中。如他著名的《王观堂先生挽词》中"总持学部揽名流，朴学高文一例收。图籍艺风充馆长，名词愈野领编修。校雠鞮译凭谁助，海宁大隐潜郎署"之句，诗中论及的缪荃孙、严复，都是当日中国思想文化界的风云人物。以陈先生的大家身份，作这样的叙述，让人不由得会往深处思考。当初该诗一问世，就引发罗振玉的非议。也许陈寅恪先生本人担心类似误解或求深之论再现，故在上世纪五十年代对蒋天枢先生就此诗大意逐句作了明确的解说。论及此句时，强调其中并无深意， "王先生当日虽颇译外国书，其实并与缪、严无关涉，此诗句不过承上文'揽名流'之语"（《寒柳堂集》，上海古籍出版社，1980， 寅恪先生诗存，页8）。易言之，陈先生这里不过是泛论当日学界之盛，并无什么高深意涵。幸亏有陈先生的解说，如果任由时下求深式的诠释方式随意发挥，还不知会出现何等花俏曲折的解释。既然陈先生自己都认为自己诗作中有凭"习见之义"就可解释明白的地方，那么，本文从"习见之义"处剖析《赠傅斯年》，或许不能看作于典无据，自我作古了。 ■

罗思维莎（Hrotsvitha，约935~1002）这个名字，该是读西方戏剧史的学生熟悉的。这位德国北部冈德斯海姆修道院的本笃派女尼，立志要用"同样的素材体裁"，跟那专写"淫妇奸行"的罗马喜剧诗人泰伦斯（公元前约190~159）争一高低。

每当有新的意见潮流得到政治声望后，民众的思考--就好比条件反射般地--就会回到这些伟大的成就，以此判断新运动的意义。当我们由实体宪法转向高级立法的过程时，我的问题就出现了：19与20世纪的美国人是如何定义、辩论、并且最终认可那些由所处时代的宪法改革政党提出的转型议案？