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所以归根结蒂，知识积累学术训练之外，译经靠的是生活经验、想象力、技艺和灵感（《信与忘/马尿、理性与译经》）。而所谓生活经验、想象力，首先是对社会苦难的关注。

2008年9月27日～10月12日，华中科技大学中国乡村治理研究中心贺雪峰、董磊明两位教授组织近40人的调研队伍进驻京山农村，在两镇十村蹲点调研半月。本文为此次集体调研的成果之一，调查得到了冶方研究基金“中国民间宗教研究与农村老年人非正常死亡研究”项目的支持。杨华、王会、狄金华参加了九房村的调查。本文的主要观点是在集体调研、集体讨论的基础上形成的，并得到贺雪峰教授、陈柏峰师兄的启发，谨致谢意。本文所涉及的人名均做了技术化处理。

《鲁迅大全集》的编辑出版，是鲁迅著作编辑出版史上一件大事。《大全集》"编者说明"说这是"全面完整"的鲁迅著作，却与实际不符。

汪朝光、王奇生、金以林三位民国史学者合著《天下得失---蒋介石的人生》一书，内容涉及蒋氏"非凡"的人生经历、性格、心理。限于篇幅，本文仅就书中所写蒋介石与家族亲缘关系一端，略加述评。

无论建国前，还是共和国前后三十年，都出现各种问题、失误以至极其悲剧性局面，但每次都能自我调整，恰是党内辩论与斗争保持了自我更新能力，还要和外部力量辩论：中苏论战更重要是通过论战对国内官僚政治施以压力，防止像苏共那样脱离群众

在日本，有一个非常奇特的组织——山岸会。说它奇特，首先是因为许多日本人都说不清楚它到底是什么。有人说它是宗教团体，有人说它是共产主义村庄，有人则说它是一种生活共同体，更有人对它谈虎色变。

比较尼采和舍斯托夫对宗教和真理的观点，介绍舍斯托夫生平。

在南非就曾经出现受雇佣的当地人保镖抢劫华人雇主的案件。甚至当地警察都不可靠，一个华商被抢后报案，当地警察到达后，发现这个被抢的华人的确很富裕，竟联合当地的社会人员又搞了一次突击抢劫。虽然这是比较极端的例子，但即使在正常情况下，当地安保力量也难以依靠。

迪拜一直作为连接印度、中亚、欧洲、阿拉伯半岛和北美的枢纽。它的奇迹极大程度上依赖于对世界其他主要经济体的合作。迪拜的全球化政策实际上既在招揽世界前来迪拜，同时也让迪拜成为通向中亚和南美的门户。对东亚来说，尤其是对中国、韩国和日本，和迪拜的联系成为了一种贸易渠道，强化了海湾和东亚的互动，更进一步来看，将中亚加入联动

我认为李大钊的"调和论"、"反暴力论"是其"平民主义"思想发展的一个重要契机，本文拟考察一下在李大钊接受马克思主义之前他的这种思想的发展轨迹。

题记：此“对话”辑与 “Whither Chinese Reforms? Dialogues among Western and Chinese Scholars, II” (Modern China, v. 35, no. 4, July 2009) 同时发表。

群众的担忧（无论理性或非理性的）需要真切的理解，动辄套上排外民粹的标签是无补于事，也会阻碍理性交流，但伴随汹涌民情而生的蝗虫论，却必须尽最大力量声讨。

韩少功日前在《收获》杂志推出长篇小说新作《日夜书》，小说以知青年代为背景，关注青年知识分子、工人、个体户乃至官员，描绘一代知青的群像和命运。

在内需不足、国内金融市场不发达、企业公司治理结构十分薄弱的情况下，为了维持经济的高速增长，如果不大量引进FDI、不把外汇主要用来购买美国国库券，中国还有什么更好的选择呢？我们目前面临的两难境地充分揭示了一个基本矛盾：改革相对于开放的严重滞后。改革和开放是中国经济增长的两个轮子，如果一快一慢会发生翻车。开放可以促进改革，但并不能代替改革。必须痛下决心加速改革，"双顺差"之类的不合理现象才能消除。作者希望，人民币的升值不但能改善中国的贸易结构，提高中国在国际分工体系价值链中的地位，而且将能为金融体制、企业所有制改革增压，进而推动中国资源跨代优化配置的实现。－－人文与社会

从中唐白居易到南宋末年的刘辰翁、汪梦斗，他们作了许多有关西湖的词，可以辑为一部专集。在这些作品里，反映了美丽的自然风物，也反映了种种社会现实、社会意识：豪华的都市形态，凄凉的亡国心情，以及复杂的知识分子对政治生活的态度。就其中也看出词这种文学在这几百年内发展的过程：由儿女闺闱到大自然，由宫廷豪门到大都市，由《花间》《尊前》的“浅斟低唱”到慷慨沉痛的抗敌救亡的呼吁。

Confronting the MalefactorsBy PAUL KRUGMANPublished: October 6, 2011 New York TimesIs It Effective to Occupy Wall Street?The protesters are getting more attention and expanding outside New York. What are they doing right, and what are they missing?When the Occupy Wall Street protests began three weeks ago, most news organizations were derisive if they deigned to mention the events at all. For example, nine days into the protests, National Public Radio had provided no coverage whatsoever.It is, therefore, a testament to the passion of those involved that the protests not only continued but grew, eventually becoming too big to ignore. With unions and a growing number of Democrats now expressing at least qualified support for the protesters, Occupy Wall Street is starting to look like an important event that might even eventually be seen as a turning point.What can we say about the protests? First things first: The protesters’ indictment of Wall Street as a destructive force, economically and politically, is completely right.A weary cynicism, a belief that justice will never get served, has taken over much of our political debate — and, yes, I myself have sometimes succumbed. In the process, it has been easy to forget just how outrageous the story of our economic woes really is. So, in case you’ve forgotten, it was a play in three acts.In the first act, bankers took advantage of deregulation to run wild (and pay themselves princely sums), inflating huge bubbles through reckless lending. In the second act, the bubbles burst — but bankers were bailed out by taxpayers, with remarkably few strings attached, even as ordinary workers continued to suffer the consequences of the bankers’ sins. And, in the third act, bankers showed their gratitude by turning on the people who had saved them, throwing their support — and the wealth they still possessed thanks to the bailouts — behind politicians who promised to keep their taxes low and dismantle the mild regulations erected in the aftermath of the crisis.Given this history, how can you not applaud the protesters for finally taking a stand?Now, it’s true that some of the protesters are oddly dressed or have silly-sounding slogans, which is inevitable given the open character of the events. But so what? I, at least, am a lot more offended by the sight of exquisitely tailored plutocrats, who owe their continued wealth to government guarantees, whining that President Obama has said mean things about them than I am by the sight of ragtag young people denouncing consumerism.Bear in mind, too, that experience has made it painfully clear that men in suits not only don’t have any monopoly on wisdom, they have very little wisdom to offer. When talking heads on, say, CNBC mock the protesters as unserious, remember how many serious people assured us that there was no housing bubble, that Alan Greenspan was an oracle and that budget deficits would send interest rates soaring.A better critique of the protests is the absence of specific policy demands. It would probably be helpful if protesters could agree on at least a few main policy changes they would like to see enacted. But we shouldn’t make too much of the lack of specifics. It’s clear what kinds of things the Occupy Wall Street demonstrators want, and it’s really the job of policy intellectuals and politicians to fill in the details.Rich Yeselson, a veteran organizer and historian of social movements, has suggested that debt relief for working Americans become a central plank of the protests. I’ll second that, because such relief, in addition to serving economic justice, could do a lot to help the economy recover. I’d suggest that protesters also demand infrastructure investment — not more tax cuts — to help create jobs. Neither proposal is going to become law in the current political climate, but the whole point of the protests is to change that political climate.And there are real political opportunities here. Not, of course, for today’s Republicans, who instinctively side with those Theodore Roosevelt-dubbed “malefactors of great wealth.” Mitt Romney, for example — who, by the way, probably pays less of his income in taxes than many middle-class Americans — was quick to condemn the protests as “class warfare.”But Democrats are being given what amounts to a second chance. The Obama administration squandered a lot of potential good will early on by adopting banker-friendly policies that failed to deliver economic recovery even as bankers repaid the favor by turning on the president. Now, however, Mr. Obama’s party has a chance for a do-over. All it has to do is take these protests as seriously as they deserve to be taken.And if the protests goad some politicians into doing what they should have been doing all along, Occupy Wall Street will have been a smashing success.

阿明认为哈特和内格里关于当前的全球资本主义政治已经发展成为“帝国”形式，反抗这种统治形式的文化为“大众”的政治文化等观点不符合历史唯物主义，也不符合当前的现实，存在理论上的巨大缺陷。

The Wittgensteins, ensconced in their grand Winter Palace in fin-de-siècle Vienna, were hardly a model family. The father, Karl , was a brutal autocrat as well as a high-class crook. He was an engineer by vocation, and his son Ludwig would later do some original work in aeronautics at Manchester University. A fabulously wealthy steel magnate, Karl rigged prices, bleeding his workers dry and doing much the same to his timorous wife Leopoldine. She once lay awake all night, agonised by an ugly wound in her foot but terrified of moving an inch in case she disturbed her irascible husband. She was an emotionally frigid mother and a neurotically dutiful wife, from whom all traces of individual personality had been violently erased.The House of Wittgenstein : A Family at Warby Alexander Waugh384, Bloomsbury, £20Buy The House of Wittgenstein at the Guardian bookshopThe family was a seething cauldron of psychosomatic disorders. Leopoldine was afflicted by terrible leg pains and eventually went blind. Her children had their problems too. Helene was plagued by stomach cramps; Gretl was beset by heart palpitations and sought advice from Sigmund Freud about her sexual frigidity; Hermine and Jerome both had dodgy fingers; Paul suffered from bouts of madness; and little Ludwig was scarcely the most well balanced of souls. Almost all the males of the family were seized from time to time by bouts of uncontrollable fury that bordered on insanity.Behind Karl the prosperous bourgeois lay a madder, more reckless man. He ran away from home at 17, boarded a ship bound for New York and joined a minstrel band. Before making his pile in Vienna he was a restaurant violinist, a night watchman, a steersman on a canal boat, and taught the tenor horn in an orphanage. Despite being one of the premier families of the Austro-Hungarian empire, most of the Wittgensteins were spiritual outlaws and adventurers. They combined the aristocrat's cavalier disdain for convention with the underdog's suspicion of authority.The sons of the household had a distressing habit of doing away with them selves. Handsome, intelligent, homosexual Rudolf strolled into a Berlin bar, dissolved potassium cyanide into his glass of milk and died in agony on the spot. Two years earlier, Hans Karl had disappeared without trace and is thought to have killed himself at sea. He was a shy, ungainly, possibly autistic child with a prodigious gift for maths and music, whose first spoken word was "Oedipus". He, too, was thought to be gay. Kurt seems to have shot himself "without visible reason" while serving as a soldier in the first world war. The philosopher Ludwig claims to have begun thinking about suicide when he was 10 or 11.Paul, a classmate of Adolf Hitler, became an outstanding concert pianist. Unusually for male members of the family, he was robustly heterosexual. The Wittgenstein ménage was more like a conservatoire than a family home: Brahms, Mahler and Richard Strauss dropped in regularly, while Ravel wrote his "Concerto for the Left Hand" specially for Paul, who had lost an arm in the first world war. Paul thought his brother Ludwig's philosophy was "trash", while Ludwig took a dim view of Paul's musical abilities. The Winter Palace resounded with constant yelling and vicious squabbling.Entrusted with the family fortune after his father's death, Paul invested it unwisely in government war bonds and lost most of it. Ludwig still inherited a sizeable amount of money, but in Tolstoyan spirit gave it all away to three of his siblings. His rooms in Trinity College, Cambridge, were almost bare of furniture. He is said to have remarked that he didn't mind at all what he ate, as long as it was always the same thing. It was a far cry from the overbred Vienna of his youth. Ludwig's monkish austerity, evident in the style of his first great work, the Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus, was among other things a reaction against a Viennese world of cream cakes and swollen bodies, in which many of the poor slept in caves or parks.Unconsciously re-enacting his father's impulse to escape, Ludwig fled from Cambridge to become an assistant gardener in an Austrian monastery, sleeping in a potting shed. He also lived for a while in a remote cottage in the west of Ireland, shacked up on the edge of a Norwegian fjord, and taught as a schoolmaster in several Austrian villages. Perhaps all this was a spiritual version of his brothers' suicides, on the part of a man seized by spiritual torment and self-loathing. If he inherited his father's instinct to scarper, however, he was also lumbered with his crazed bouts of fury. In one village school, he hit a girl so hard that she bled behind the ears, and then belaboured a boy about the head until he slumped unconscious to the floor. While Ludwig was dragging the boy's body off to the headmaster, he bumped into the irate father of the girl whose ears had bled, dropped the unconscious boy and did a runner.Alexander Waugh's eminently readable, meticulously researched account of the Wittgenstein madhouse might have speculated a bit more on how this background helped to shape the most celebrated of all the Wittgensteins. It certainly casts some light on Ludwig's extraordinary contradictions. Haughty, imperious and impossibly exacting, driven by a fatiguing zeal for moral perfection and contemptuous of most of those around him, he was a true son of patrician Vienna. Yet his greatest work, Philosophical Investigations, also represents a rejection of this world in its embrace of the ordinary, its acceptance of the imperfect and incorrigibly plural.Wittgenstein was an arresting combination of monk, mystic and mechanic. He was a high European intellectual who yearned for a Tolstoyan holiness and simplicity of life, a philosophical giant with scant respect for philosophy. He could never really decide whether he was a Brahmin or an "untouchable". Much of this makes sense if one sees it as an ambivalent relationship to his family background.On the one hand, he tried to divest himself of all that pomp and excess. If he was sometimes plunged into spiritual despair, it was because he was unable to strip himself of himself. Wittgenstein struggled to live on what he called the rough ground of everyday life.As a man who hailed from an Austro-Hungarian empire inhabited by Germans, Slovaks, Romanians, Serbs, Slovenes, Magyars and a good many other quarrelsome ethnic groups, he came to see human cultures as inherently diverse. But he was also haunted by a lofty, lethal vision of purity (what he called the pure ice), which was a product of his background and a form of rebellion against it. And the fact that he was torn between the rough ground and the pure ice was the source of much of his sorrow. Perhaps his brother Hans's first word sums it all up: "Oedipus".• Terry Eagleton wrote the screenplay for Derek Jarman's Wittgenstein. To order The House of Wittgenstein for £18 with free UK p&p call Guardianbook service on 0870 836 0875.· This article was amended on Saturday November 22 2008. The above review mentioned some of the children of Karl and Leopoldine Wittgenstein and suggested that Hans, Hermine, Gretl, Jerome, Paul, Rudolf and Ludwig were siblings. In fact Jerome (Stonborough) was Gretl's husband, not her brother.吴万伟译文可参考，未校订痛苦的宫殿---特里·伊格尔顿评论《维特根斯坦家族：战争之家》 　　在世纪末维也纳富丽堂皇的冬宫里生活舒适安逸的维特根斯坦家族很难说是模范家庭。家长卡尔是个残暴的独裁者和上层社会的骗子，在职业上说是个工程师。他儿子路德维希（Ludwig）曾在曼彻斯特大学进行过独创性的航空工程空气动力学研究。作为非常富有的钢铁大亨的卡尔操纵钢铁价格，榨干了工人的血汗，也榨干了胆小怕事的妻子莱奥波迪内（Leopoldine）的血汗。她曾经因为脚伤疼痛难忍而整夜睡不着觉，可不敢动弹，害怕动一下就会惊醒了脾气暴躁的丈夫。作为母亲，她细腻体贴；作为妻子，她贤惠而又神经过敏,所有的个性特征都被粗暴地抹去。　　这个家庭的成员个个身心都存在严重障碍，像个沸腾的大锅。母亲莱奥波迪内深受腿部疼痛的困扰，最后眼睛也失明了。孩子们都有问题，姐姐海伦（Helene）受到胃痉挛的困扰，姐姐玛格里特（Gretl）遭受心悸和心跳过速的折磨，曾经找弗洛伊德（Sigmund Freud）寻求治疗性冷淡的建议。姐姐海尔曼（Hermine）和杰罗姆（Jerome）都有 both had dodgy fingers的毛病，哥哥保罗（Paul）断断续续地发疯，小路德维希很难说是精神非常均衡的人。家族中几乎所有男性成员都时不时遭受无法控制的几乎接近于失去理性的程度的阵发性愤怒。　　表面上看，卡尔是个成功的资本家，但实际上他是个非常疯狂和鲁莽的人。他十七岁离家出走，登上开往纽约的船，参加过流浪艺人乐队。在维也纳建立自己的根基之前，他做过餐厅小提琴手、夜间守门人、运河轮渡上的舵手、还在孤儿院讲授如何吹中音号（tenor horn）。虽然是奥匈帝国显赫家族的后代，维特根斯坦一家的多数人在精神上来说是冒险家和叛逆者。在他们身上既有贵族对于规范满不在乎的蔑视又有失败者对于权威的怀疑。　　这个家族的男孩子有个让人担心的摈弃自我的习惯。英俊潇洒、才华横溢的同性恋者鲁道夫（Rudolf）到柏林酒吧鬼混,把氰化钾溶化在牛奶里喝下去当场痛苦而死。此前两年，汉斯·卡尔（Hans Karl）曾经失踪，被认为是跳海自杀。他是个腼腆的、笨拙的人，可能有点自闭症，也有对数学和音乐的惊人天赋。他开口说的第一个字是“俄狄浦斯”（Oedipus）。有人说他也是个同性恋者。库特（Kurt）在第一次世界大战当兵的时候“没有明显理由”地开枪自杀。哲学家路德维希宣称在十岁或者十一岁的时候已经开始考虑自杀问题。　　阿道夫·希特勒的同学保罗（Paul）成为杰出的音乐会钢琴家。和家族中的其他男性成员不同，他是坚定的异性恋者。维特根斯坦的家更像个艺术学校而不是家人生活的地方：音乐家勃拉姆斯（Brahms）、马勒（Mahler）和理查德·斯特劳斯（Richard Strauss）经常前来拜访，拉维尔（Ravel）写“左撇子钢琴协奏曲”就是专门为保罗写的。保罗在第一次世界大战中失掉了一只胳膊，他觉得弟弟路德维希的哲学完全是“垃圾”，而路德维希对于保罗的音乐才能也评价不高。这个冬宫里经常回响起不断的尖叫和恶毒的争吵。　　父亲去世后，保罗受委托来经营家族的财产，可他非常愚蠢地投资购买政府战争债券，把家产输掉了很大一部分。路德维希仍然继承了相当一部分家产，但是他以托尔斯泰式的精神把自己继承的部分全部转给其他三个兄弟姐妹。他在剑桥大学三一学院的家里几乎没有什么家具，据说他曾经说过，只要吃的是同样的东西，他才不在乎吃的是什么。这和他青年时期富家子弟的情形实在有天壤之别。路德维希在他第一本伟大著作《逻辑哲学论》（the Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus）中体现出来的僧侣式禁欲或许是他对奶油蛋糕和物质享受的维也纳世界的反叛，那里有很多穷人睡在洞穴里或者公园里。　　路德维希或许并没有意识到他在步父亲的后尘，遏止不住逃跑的冲动，从剑桥逃出来，到奥地利修道院做助理园丁，睡在盆栽园圃里。他还在爱尔兰西部偏僻小屋中生活过一段时间，也曾蜗居在挪威海湾边界里，还在奥地利的几个村子里当小学老师。或许所有这些都类似于他哥哥们自杀的精神上的自杀，是为精神折磨和自我憎恨所困的人的反应。如果说他继承了父亲的逃跑本能，他也继承了家族阵发性疯狂愤怒的大爆发。在一乡村小学里，他使劲打一个女学生，把人家耳朵都打出血了，接着又暴打一个男生，直到把人家打得躺在地上不省人事。就在路德维希把男生拖去见校长时，正好碰上那个耳朵被打出血的女生的怒气冲冲的父亲，他丢下昏迷中的男生就逃跑了。　　亚历山大·沃（Alexander Waugh）对于维特根斯坦疯人院的描述读起来引人入胜，体现了不凡的学术功力，或许解释了这个家庭背景如何帮助造就了维特根斯坦家族中这个杰出的哲学家。当然也提供了一些线索帮助解释路德维希与众不同的矛盾性格。他傲慢自大、飞扬跋扈、一丝不苟、让人厌烦地渴望道德完善、瞧不起他周围的人。他确实是维也纳贵族的传人，但是他最伟大的著作《哲学研究》（Philosophical Investigations）在拥抱平常、接受不完美和不可救药的多元性上也代表了他对这个世界的拒绝。　　维特根斯坦是僧侣、神秘主义者、机械工人的让人着迷的结合体。他是高雅的欧洲知识分子，渴望过托尔斯泰式圣洁和简朴的生活；他是哲学上的巨人，却对哲学表现出很少的尊重。他可能从来都无法决定到底是个婆罗门还是“难以接近的人”。如果人们考虑到他的家庭背景的矛盾关系的话，这里的很多矛盾就可以理解了。　　一方面，他试图抛弃所有的荣华富贵和装腔作势。如果他有时候陷入精神上的绝望，那是因为他不能摆脱自身。维特根斯坦竭力要过他所说的在粗糙地面上的日常生活。　　作为来自居住着德国人、斯拉夫人、罗马尼亚人、塞尔维亚人、斯洛文尼亚人、马扎尔人以及很多其他种族的奥匈帝国的一分子，他倾向于把人类文化看作天生具有多元性的。但是他也一直被崇高的、致命的纯洁性(他所说的纯粹的冰)所困扰,这是他的家庭背景的产物，也是反叛家庭背景的一种形式。他在粗糙地面和纯洁的冰之间挣扎的事实是他大部分痛苦的根源。或许他的哥哥汉斯的第一个字是所有内容的总结：“俄狄浦斯”。　　（译自：Palace of pain by Terry Eagleton　　http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/2008/ ... tgenstein-alexander-waugh）　　译者注：本文讨论的书是《维特根斯坦家族：战争之家》（The House of Wittgenstein: A Family at War）by Alexander Waugh 384, Bloomsbury, £20。

普遍主义确实需要辩护，但为了对普遍主义进行真正有效的辩护，必须对普遍主义到底是什么意思，它有哪些变种，这些变种分别回答和提出了哪些问题等等，作进一步的讨论。我们在为普遍主义辩护的时候要重视普遍主义的复杂含义、普遍主义立场与普遍主义政策之间的复杂关系；我们所要辩护的普遍主义立场不仅是文化普遍主义，而且是受价值普遍主义、尤其是道德普遍主义支持的文化普遍主义。这种意义上的文化普遍主义既超越西方中心论和中国文化特殊主义，同时又对文化的多样性有高度敏感性、对特殊文化丰富普遍文化的可能性有高度开放性。说到底，这种把特殊主义包括在内的普遍主义既不是一种单纯的事实，也不是一个单纯的理想，而是建立在不同文化的人们共同的能力、潜力和规律的基础之上、有待于通过自觉明智的交往实践和社会实践加以建构的美好未来。

研读《植物名词中英对照表》这部严复当年批改的原稿本，一方面可以部分地见证严复多方面的知识兴趣和学问水准，其敢于断制的性格和注重多采用中国固有古雅文词的偏向，还有他对待此事较为负责的态度；另一方面，也具体地看到了中西名词编订工作的难度、具体过程和审校特征，