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英文原题是:Oh for a democratic dictatorship and not a vetocracy 要民主专政不要否决政治
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中国的法官兼调解人由于行使的权力过大会遭到诟病,中国法从事实情形而不是抽象的权利原则出发的认识方法,无疑也是追随马克斯•韦伯的形式理性主义者们要排斥的。然而,事实是中国帝制时期在这种思维方式下产生的法律制度享受了极其长久的寿命,并且,案件档案表明,当代中国的法庭调解及其可观效能也和这种法律思维方式密切相关。法庭是选择调解模式还是判决模式,或者介于两者之间的混合模式,取决于法庭本身对每个案件的事实的定性。当代中国的法律和司法实践中默认的这种逻辑,尽管在中国的立法中没有得到明文表述,仍然可能会给中国法律本身以及西方形式主义法律在未来的变化和演进中带来某种启示。
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乌克兰境内俄语区与乌克兰语区的纠纷的历史渊源可以上溯到18世纪末俄奥普3次瓜分波兰;而克里米亚鞑靼人与俄罗斯人的冲突可追溯到16世纪初莫斯科大公国时代。犹太人、德意志人等曾在乌克兰占相当比例的少数民族在今天已经变得无足轻重,但他们的历史境遇对于理解当代乌克兰的民族问题仍能提供一些思考的角度
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期刊专递
2013/09/05
| 阅读: 2861
目录 【刊首语】... 1 【专题】... 2 从"世界工厂"到"世界实验室":产业升级的中国梦. 2 贾晋京 中国创新能力的分析. 10 烝民 日本中小企业问题:技术革命--全球化对经济民主的挑战. 26 潘妮妮 【战略】... 33 印度能够封锁中国吗?. 33 沙善•乔西 为善的社会达尔文主义. 37 戴维·斯隆·威尔逊 自我殖民:21世纪的帝国拼图. 43 亚历山大·埃特金德 【读评】... 48 美国独立的神话与现实. 48 海裔 后母、继子与忠仆. 55 萧武 《环太平洋》:新瓶装旧酒的成功. 60 周兴 【时评】... 64 从旧金山空难看美国航空业的弊端. 64 孙力舟 "留学运动"与文化自信. 69 纪武 【研究】... 76 埃及持续动乱背后的恶性循环. 76 舟楫 叙利亚:帝国的角斗场. 87 孙力舟 斯诺登:一个21世纪的泄密者. 92 蒲实 【写意】... 100 无竟寓书画鉴赏(一). 100 【刊首语】 与往往"其兴也勃焉,其亡也忽焉"的王朝更替相比,一个文明的盛衰,少了政治风云的瞬息万变,多了历史沉淀的厚重悠长。当其沉沦时,仍然有许许多多人怀念其昔日光辉,坚守其传承,乃至为其殒身不恤;当其复兴时,整个民族和国家的自信和从容也需要一点一滴地恢复。西方媒体炒作一番"新工业革命",中文思想界立刻就有人欢快地或忧心忡忡地跟进,高呼"'第三次工业革命'可能终结'中国崛起'"。但是,力量最终来自于真实生活中的伟大实践。中国的工业实力在快速增长,不仅拥有笑傲世界的产量和产能,在研发方面也不断拉近与领头羊的距离,甚至已经并驾齐驱--例如我们的3D打印技术。成就一场工业革命,需要整个体系的支持,而陷入严重的产业空心化的西方,恰恰不再能够提供这样一个体系。如果新工业革命最终并非水月镜花,书写工业史和人类文明史新篇章的主笔也将是中国。换言之,新工业革命不是"中国崛起"的终结,而是"中国崛起"的印证。 关于实业的盲目自贬相对容易揭穿,因为中国在这方面的成果层出不穷、与日俱增。而关于教育的类似心态则不那么暴露其无知和荒唐,然而,危害也因此更大。改革开放以来数百万人的留学经历,尤其是近年来年轻学子在国外的实地观察、切身体验已经告诉我们,西方尤其是美国的基础教育可谓病入膏肓,其严重后果正在逐步表现出来。美国庞大科研体系越来越依赖中国、印度等国家为其提供心性聪颖、基础扎实的后备力量。中国教育的管理者和实践者们的努力方向,应该是在保持中国的基础教育优势的同时,下大力气提升高等教育和一线科研的品质。但在教育部所谓"减负"新规中,我们看到的却是对西方教育从头到尾的顶礼膜拜,对中国教育釜底抽薪的昏聩主张。拥有令全世界称羡的良好教育传统的中国,真的会因此自毁长城么?各方面的反应告诉我们,这个拍脑门式的规定一定会破产。但它还隐伏着另一重危险,即社会平等最基本的保证--教育公平将因为学校常规教育的弱化而遭到侵蚀,进而危及工业现代化的进程和中华文明复兴的前景。此刻,重温"为中华之崛起而读书",更觉意味深长。
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今年5月10日,汪晖教授在北京对外经贸大学做题为"变动秩序中的中国文化自觉"的演讲。本文为演讲整理稿,标题与小标为编者所加,未经原作者审阅,有删节
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书写景观的文化变迁才是索尔的意义,但不该如此抽象谈问题,索尔最反对从理论范式做逻辑推演,认为是空中楼阁,过眼烟云,唯有事实本身才持久切实。我们不如放下理论,走进城市,做一手观察,切身感受地理空间表达的人情物理。
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公元410年8月24日,西哥特首领阿拉利克(Alaricus)率军攻克罗马城,焚烧掳掠三天后扬长而去。此事震动了整个罗马帝国,引起了激烈的讨论,成为奥古斯丁写作《上帝之城》的直接原因。
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在茅盾的早期小说中,写于 1929 年的《虹》,同它前后的《蚀》三部曲 (1927) 和《子夜》 (1931) 相比,似乎较少受到学者的青睐。像三部曲一样, " 时代女性 " 仍是小说的主角,但 梅女士和《动摇》里的孙舞阳、《追求》里的章秋柳相比,个性却显得不那么鲜明。和《子夜》比,在表现都市生活方面则不够广阔、深刻, " 现实主义 " 的艺术技巧还不够成熟。但本文试图从长篇小说这一类型同现代中国历史展开的内在动力的角度来揭示《虹》的重要性。
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不少学者早已意识到,"东亚"概念的形成纯粹是个"现代性事件",是与"欧洲"乃至"西方"概念相对应而出现的,或毋宁说是在欧洲扩张的压力下所导致的一个"近代想象",是西方地缘政治形塑出的世界空间图像的一个组成部分,而不具有疆域清晰和内涵明确的自足性。
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建筑
社会
2008/07/30
| 阅读: 2848
龙应台一旦写到北京,永远都忘不了集权这个标签,这篇文章秉承龙氏风格,明写北京,实赞台北。
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文学
人文
2011/10/30
| 阅读: 2846
今年五月,《今天》“重写文学史”的栏目精选《昨天的故事——关于重写文学史》简体字版终于出版,这比繁体字版晚了整整四年——四年中,这部书稿辗转了三个出版社,最终在三联书店落地——是不是“重写文学史”的话题大家都已感到了隔膜?
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书评
思想
2011/10/10
| 阅读: 2846
"儒学"的核心问题是如何为政治社会运行提供一种"道德实践"的方式和目标。一旦"儒学"失去了" 道德实践"的能力,其对实际生活的规范价值和意义也就寿终正寝了。根本不存在什么超越政治和社会层面之上的悬空的儒学价值。"儒学"在近现代的悲剧命运即可为上述观点做出佐证。
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从内容上来看《高家村》是讨论高家村从1949年到90年代中期的变迁,本书的主要内容都是根据主题而写的,每个主题自成一章。这些主 题包括:土地、水域与地方政治,人口与政治,生活水平,农村卫生,农村教育,大跃进,"文化大革命",改革,移民打工,风俗习惯的变化和延续,高家村与外 部世界。
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我从前的学校教室里挂着一张《蒙娜·丽莎》,意大利文艺复兴时代的名画。先生说:"注意那女人脸上的奇异的微笑。"的确是使人略感不安的美丽恍惚的笑,象是一刻也留它不住的,即使在我努力注意之际也滑了开去,使人无缘无故觉得失望。先生告诉我们,画师画这张图的时候曾经费尽心机搜罗了全世界各种罕异可爱的东西放在这女人面前,引她现出这样的笑容。我不喜欢这解释。绿毛龟,木乃伊的脚,机器玩具,倒不见得使人笑这样的笑。使人笑这样的笑,很难罢?可也说不定很容易。一个女人蓦地想到恋人的任何一个小动作,使他显得异常稚气,可爱又可怜,她突然充满了宽容,无限制地生长到自身之外去,荫庇了他的过去与将来,眼睛里就许有这样的苍茫的微笑。 《蒙娜·丽萨》的模特儿被考证出来,是个年轻的太太。也许她想起她的小孩今天早晨说的那句聪明的话--真是什么都懂得呢--到八月里才满四岁--就这样笑了起来,但又矜持着,因为画师在替她画像,贵妇人的笑是不作兴露牙齿的。 然而有个十九世纪的英国文人--是不是Walter de la Mare,记不清了--写了一篇文章关于《蒙娜·丽萨》,却说到鬼灵的智慧,深海底神秘的鱼藻。看到画,想做诗,我并不反对--好的艺术原该唤起观众各个人的创造性,给人的不应当是纯粹被动的欣赏--可是我憎恶那篇《蒙娜·丽萨》的说明,因为是有限制的说明,先读了说明再去看图画,就不由得要到女人眼睛里去找深海底的鱼影子。那样的华美的附会,似乎是增多,其实是减少了图画的意义。国文课本里还读到一篇《画记》,那却是非常简练,只去计算那些马,几匹站着,几匹卧着,中国画上题的诗词,也只能拿它当做字看,有时候的确字写得好,而且给了画图的结构一种脱略的,有意无意的均衡,成为中国画的特点。然而字句的本身对于图画总没有什么好影响,即使用的是极优美的成句,一经移植在画上,也觉得不妥当。 因此我现在写这篇文章关于我看到的图画,有点知法犯法的感觉,因为很难避免那种说明的态度--而对于一切好图画的说明,总是有限制的说明,但是临下笔的时候又觉得不必有那些顾忌。譬如朋友见面,问:"这两天晚上月亮真好,你看见了没有?"那也很自然罢? 新近得到一本赛尚画册,有机会把赛尚的画看个仔细。以前虽然知道赛尚是现代画派第一个宗师,倒是对于他的徒子徒孙较感兴趣,像Gauguin,Van Gogh,Matisse,以至后来的Picasso,都是抓住了他的某一特点,把它发展到顶点,因此比较偏执,鲜明,引人入胜。而充满了多方面的可能性的,广大的含蓄的赛尚,过去给我唯一的印象是杂志里复制得不很好的静物,几只灰色的苹果,下面衬着桌布,后面矗立着酒瓶,从苹果的处理中应当可以看得出他于线条之外怎样重新发现了"块"这样东西,但是我始终没大懂。我这里这本书名叫《赛尚与他的时代》,是日文的,所以我连每幅画的标题也弄不清楚。早期的肖像画中有两张成为值得注意的对比。一八六○年的一张,画的是个宽眉心大眼睛诗人样的人,云里雾里,暗金质的画面上只露出一部分的脸面与白领子。我不喜欢罗曼蒂克主义的传统,那种不求甚解的神秘,就象是把电灯开关一捻,将一种人造的月光照到任何事物身上,于是就有模糊的蓝色的美艳,有黑影,里头唧唧阁阁叫着兴奋与恐怖的虫与蛙。 再看一八六三年的一张画,里面也有一种奇异的,不安于现实的感觉,但不是那样廉价的诗意。这张画里我们看见一个大头的小小的人,年纪已在中年以上了,波鬈的淡色头发照当时的式样长长地分披着。他坐在高背靠椅上,流转的大眼睛显出老于世故的,轻蔑浮滑的和悦,高翘的仁丹胡子补足了那点笑意。然而这张画有点使人不放心,人体的比例整个地错误了,腿太短,臂膊太短,而两只悠悠下垂的手却又是很长,那白削的骨节与背后的花布椅套相衬下,产生一种微妙的,文明的恐怖。 一八六四年所作的僧侣肖像,是一个须眉浓鸷的人,白袍,白风兜,胸前垂下十字架,抱着胳膊,两只大手,手与脸的平面特别粗糙,隐现冰裂纹。整个的画面是单纯的灰与灰白,然而那严寒里没有凄楚,只有最基本的,人与风雹山河的苦斗。 欧洲文艺复兴以来许多宗教画最陈腐的题材,到了赛尚手里,却是大不相同了。"抱着基督尸身的圣母像",实在使人诧异。圣母是最普通的妇人,清贫,论件计值地做点缝纫工作,灰了心,灰了头发,白鹰钩鼻子与紧闭的嘴里有四五十年来狭隘的痛苦。她并没有抱住基督,背过身去正在忙着一些什么,从她那暗色衣裳的折叠上可以闻得见捂着的贫穷的气味。抱着基督的倒是另一个屠夫样的壮大男子,石柱一般粗的手臂,秃了的头顶心雪白地连着阴森的脸,初看很可怕,多看了才觉得那残酷是有它的苦楚的背景的,也还是一个可同情的人。尤为奇怪的是基督本人,皮肤发黑,肌肉发达,脸色和平,伸长了腿,横贯整个的画面,他所有的只是图案美,似乎没有任何其他意义。 《散步的人》,一个高些,戴着绅士气的高帽子,一个矮些的比较像武人,头戴卷檐大毡帽,脚踏长统皮靴,手扶司的克。那炎热的下午,草与树与淡色的房子蒸成一片雪亮的烟,两个散步的人衬衫里焖着一重重新的旧的汗味,但仍然领结打得齐齐整整,手挽着手,茫然地,好脾气地向我们走来,显得非常之楚楚可怜。 《野外风景》里的两个时髦男子的背影也给人同样的渺小可悲的感觉。主题却是两个时装妇女。这一类的格局又是一般学院派肖像画的滥调--满头珠钻,严妆的贵族妇人,昂然立在那里像一座小白山;背景略点缀些树木城堡,也许是她家世袭的采邑。然而这里的女人是绝对写实的。一个黑头发的支颐而坐,低额角,壮健,世俗,有一种世俗的伶俐。一个黄头发的多了一点高尚的做作,斜欠身子站着,卖弄着长尾巴的鸟一般的层叠的裙幅,将面颊偎着皮手笼,眉目冲淡的脸上有一种朦胧的诗意。把这样的两个女人放在落荒的地方,风吹着远远的一面大旗,是奇怪的,使人想起近几时的超写实派,画一棵树,树顶上嵌着一支沙发椅,野外的日光照在碎花椅套上,梦一样的荒凉。赛尚没有把这种意境发展到它的尽头,因此更为醇厚可爱。 《牧歌》是水边的一群男女,蹲着、躺着,坐着,白的肉与白的衣衫,音乐一般地流过去,低回作U字形。转角上的一个双臂一伸,托住自己颈项的裸体女人,周身的肉都波动着,整个的画面有异光的宕漾。 题名《奥林匹亚》的一幅,想必是取材于希腊的神话。我不大懂,只喜欢中央的女像,那女人缩做一团睡着,那样肥大臃肿的腿股,然而仍然看得出来她是年轻坚实的。我不喜欢《圣安东尼之诱惑》,那似乎是他偏爱的题材,前后共画过两幅,前期的一张阴暗零乱,圣安东尼有着女人的乳房,梦幻中出现的女人却像一匹马,后期的一张则是淡而混乱。 《夏之一日》抓住了那种永久而又暂时的,日光照在身上的感觉。水边的小孩张着手,叉开腿站着,很高兴的样子,背影像个虾蟆。大日头下打着小伞的女人显得可笑。对岸有更多的游客,绿云样的树林子,淡蓝天窝着荷叶边的云,然而热,热到极点。小船的白帆发出熔铁的光,船夫,工人都烧得焦黑。 两个小孩的肖像,如果放在一起看,所表现的人性的对比是可惊的。手托着头的小孩,突出的脑门上闪着一大片光,一脸的聪明,疑问,调皮,刁泼,是人类最利害的一部分在那里往前挣。然而小孩毕竟是小孩,宽博的外套里露出一点白衬衫,是那样的一个小的白的,容易被摧毁的东西,到了一定的年纪,不安份的全都安份守已了,然而一下地就听话的也很多,象这里的另一个小朋友,一个光致致的小文明人,粥似地温柔,那凝视着你的大眼睛,于好意之中未尝没有些小奸小坏,虽然那小奸小坏是可以完全被忽视的,因为他不中用,没出息,三心两意,歪着脸。 在笔法方面,前一张似乎已经是简无可简了,但是因为要表示那小孩的错杂的灵光,于大块着色中还是有错杂的笔触,到了七年后的那张孩子的肖像,那几乎全是大块的平面了。但是多么充实的平面! 有个名叫"却凯"的人,(根据日文翻译出来,音恐怕不准)想必是赛尚的朋友,这里共有他的两张画像。我们第一次看见他的时候,已经是老糊涂模样,哆着嘴,跷着腿坐在椅上,一只手搭在椅背上,十指交叉,从头顶到鞋袜,都用颤抖狐疑的光影表现他的畏怯,唠叨,琐碎。显然,这人经过了许多事,可是不曾悟出一条道理来,因此很着慌,但同时自以为富有经验,在年高德劭的石牌楼底下一立,也会教训人了。这里的讽刺并不缺少温情,但在九年后的一张画像里,这温情扩张开来,成为最细腻的爱抚,这一次他坐在户外,以繁密的树叶为背景,一样是白头发,瘦长条子,人显得年轻了许多。他对于一切事物以不明了而引起的惶恐,现在混成一片大的迷惑,因为广大,反而平静下来了,低垂的眼睛里有那样的忧伤,惆怅,退休;瘪进去的小嘴带着微笑,是个愉快的早晨罢,在夏天的花园里。这张画一笔一笔里都有爱,对于这人的,这人对于人生的留恋。 对现代画中夸张扭曲的线条感兴趣的人,可以特别注意那只放大了的,去了主角的手。 画家的太太的几张肖像里也可以看得出有意义的心理变迁。最早的一张,是把传统故事中的两个恋人来作画题的,但是我们参考后来的肖像,知道那女人的脸与他太太有许多相似之处。很明显地,这里的主题就是画家本人的恋爱。背景是罗曼蒂克的,湖岸上生着芦苇一类的植物,清晓的阳光照在女人的白头巾上,有着"蒹葭苍苍,白露为霜"的情味。女人把一只手按在男人赤膊的肩头,她本底子是浅薄的,她的善也只限于守规矩,但是恋爱的太阳照到她身上的时候,她在那一刹那变得宽厚聪明起来,似乎什么都懂得了,而且感动得眼里有泪光。画家要她这样,就使她成为这样,他把自己反倒画成一个被动的,附属的,没有个性的青年,垂着头坐在她脚下,接受她的慈悲,他整个的形体仿佛比她小一号。 赛尚的太太第一次在他画里出现,是这样的一个方圆脸盘,有着微凸的大眼睛,一切都很淡薄的少女,大约经过严厉的中等家庭教育,因此极拘谨,但在恋爱中感染了画家的理想,把他们的关系神圣化了。 她第二次出现,着实使人吃惊。想是多年以后了,她坐在一张乌云似的赫赫展开的旧绒沙发上,低着头缝衣服,眼泡突出,鼻子比前尖削了。下巴更方,显得意志坚强,铁打的紧紧束起的发髻,洋铁皮一般硬的衣领衣袖,背后看得见房门,生硬的长方块,门上安着锁;墙上糊的花纸,纸上的花,一个个的也是小铁十字架;铁打的妇德,永生永世的微笑的忍耐--做一个穷艺术家的太太不是容易的罢?而这一切都是一点一点来的--人生真是可怕的东西呀! 然而五年后赛尚又画他的太太,却是在柔情的顷刻间抓住了她。她披散着头发,穿的也许是寝衣,缎子的,软而亮的宽条纹的直流,支持不住她。她偏着头,沉沉地想着她的心事,回忆使她年轻了。当然年轻人的眼睛里没有那样的凄哀。为理想而吃苦的人,后来发现那理想剩下很少很少,而那一点又那么渺茫,可是因为当中吃过苦,所保留的一点反而比从前好了,象远处飘来的音乐,原来很单纯的调子,混入了大地与季节的鼻息。 然而这神情到底是暂时的。在另一张肖像里,她头发看上去仿佛截短了,象个男孩子,脸面也使人想起一个饱经风霜的孩子,有一种老得太早的感觉。下巴向前伸,那尖尖的半侧面像个锈黑的小洋刀,才切过苹果,上面腻着酸汁。她还是微笑着,眼睛里有惨淡的勇敢--应当是悲壮的,但是悲壮是英雄的事,她只做得到惨淡。 再看另一张,那更不愉快了。画家的夫人坐在他的画室里,头上斜吊着鲜艳的花布帘幕,墙上有日影,可是这里的光亮不是她的,她只是厨房里的妇人。她穿着油腻的暗色衣裳,手里捏着的也许是手帕,但从她捏着它的姿势上看来,那应当是一块抹布。她大约正在操作,他叫她来做模特儿,她就像敷衍小孩子似的,来坐一会儿。这些年来她一直微笑着,现在这画家也得承认了--是这样的疲乏,粗蠢,散漫的微笑。那吃苦耐劳的脸上已经很少女性的成份了,一只眉毛高些,好像是失望后的讽刺,实在还是极度熟悉之后的温情。要细看才看得出。 赛尚夫人最后的一张肖像是热闹鲜明的。她坐在阳光照射下的花园里,花花草草与白色的路上腾起春夏的烟尘。她穿着礼拜天最考究的衣裙,鲸鱼骨束腰带紧匝着她,她恢复了少妇的体格,两只手伸出来也有着结实可爱的手腕。然而背后的春天与她无关。画家的环境渐渐好了,苦日子已经成了过去,可是苦日子里熬炼出来的她反觉过不惯。她脸上的愉快是没有内容的愉快。去掉那鲜丽的前景,人脸上的愉快就变得出奇地空洞,简至近于痴呆。 看过赛尚夫人那样的贤妻,再看到一个自私的女人,反倒有一种松快的感觉。《戴着包头与皮围巾的女人》,苍白的长脸长鼻子,大眼睛里有阴冷的魅惑,还带着城里人下乡的那种不屑的神气。也许是个贵妇,也许是个具有贵妇风度的女骗子。 叫做《塑像》的一张画,不多的几笔就表达出那坚致酸硬的,石头的特殊的感觉。图画不能比这更为接近塑像了。原意是否讽刺,不得而知,据我看来却有点讽刺的感觉--那典型的小孩塑像,用肥胖的突出的腮,突出的肚子与筋络来表示神一般的健康与活力,结果却表示了贪嗔,骄纵,过度的酒色财气,和神差得很远,和孩子差得更远了。 此外有许多以集团出浴为题材的,都是在水边林下,有时候是清一色的男子,但以女子居多,似乎注重在难画的姿势与人体的图案美的布置,尤其是最后的一张《水沿的女人们》,人体的表现逐渐抽象化了,开了后世立体派的风气。《谢肉祭》的素描有两张,画的大约是狂欢节男女间公开的追逐。空气混乱,所以笔法也乱得很,只看得出一点:一切女人的肚子都比男人大。 《谢肉祭最后之日》却是一张杰作。两个浪子,打扮做小丑模样,大玩了一通回来了,一个挟着手杖,一个立脚不稳,弯腰撑着膝盖,身段还是很俏皮,但他们走的是下山路。所有的线条都是倾斜的,空气是满足了欲望之后的松弛。"谢肉祭"是古典的风俗,久已失传了,可是这里两个人的面部表情却非常之普遍,佻,简单的自信,小聪明,无情也无味。《头盖骨与青年》画着一个正在长大的学生坐在一张小桌子旁边,膝盖紧抵桌腿,仿佛挤不下,处处手干格不入。学生的脸的确是个学生,顽皮,好问,有许多空想,不大看得起人。廉价的荷叶边桌子,可以想象那水浪形的边缘嵌在肉上的感觉。桌上放着书、尺,骷髅头压着纸。医学上所用的骷髅是极亲切的东西、很家常、尤其是学生时代的家常,象出了汗的脚闷在篮球鞋里的气味。 描写老年有《戴着荷叶边帽子的妇人》,她垂着头坐在那里数她的念珠,帽子底下露出狐狸样的脸,人性已经死去了大部分,剩下的只有贪婪,又没有气力去偷,抢,囤,因此心里时刻不安;她念经不像是为了求安静,也不像是为了天国的理想,仅仅是数点手里咭唎咕碌的小硬核,数着眼面前的东西,她和它们在一起的日子也不久长了,她也不能拿它们怎样,只能东舐舐,西舐舐,使得什么上头都沾上一层腥液。 赛尚本人的老年就不像这样。他的末一张自画像,戴着花花公子式歪在一边的"打鸟帽",养着白胡须,高挑的细眉毛,脸上也有一种世事洞明的奸滑,但是那眼睛里的微笑非常可爱,仿佛说:看开了,这世界没有我也会有春天来到。--老年不可爱,但是老年人有许多可爱的。风景画里我最喜欢那张《破屋》,是中午的太阳下的一座白房子,有一只独眼样的黑洞洞的窗;从屋顶上往下裂开一条大缝,房子像在那里笑,一震一震,笑得要倒了。通到屋子的小路,已经看不大见了,四下里生着高高下下的草,在日光中极淡极淡,一片模糊。那哽噎的日色,使人想起"长安古道音尘绝,音尘绝--西风残照,汉家陵阙。"可是这里并没有巍峨的过去,有的只是中产阶级的荒凉,更空虚的空虚。 收入《流言》,1944年12月中国科学公司初版
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随着美国电影在世界电影产业地位的上升,第一次世界大战之后,美国影片已经取代法国影片,占据了中国电影输入的头把交椅,成为影院放映最多的外国影片。
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学科综述
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福柯 : 人们常说这样的话:当代音乐偏离了正轨,它的命运非常奇特,它复杂到如此的地步以致于不可接近,它的技巧使它走上了一条不归路。但另一方面,音乐吸引我的地方在于它与其他文化要素之间的多样复杂的关系。这一点从不同的角度来看都是很明显的。一方面,音乐对技术的进步非常敏感,它对技术的依赖性比其他艺术门类要大得多(也许电影是个例外)。另一方面,从德彪西和斯特拉文斯基之后的音乐发展同绘画的发展有很多密切相关之处。此外,音乐为自身提出的理论问题,它对自身的语言、结构、材料的反思方式,取决于一个在20世纪具有普遍意义的问题:"形式"的问题。这个问题在塞尚((Cezanne)、立体主义者、勋伯格(Schoenberg)、俄国形式主义者或是布拉格学派那里都是存在的。 我认为我们不应该问:既然音乐已经走得如此之远,我们怎么才能再度体验和重新享有它?而应该问:这个音乐与我们所有的文化如此接近,如此一体化,我们怎么会觉得与它如此疏异、与它有如此不可逾越的距离呢? 布列兹 : 是不是因为当代音乐的"流通"与交响音乐、室内乐、歌剧、巴罗克音乐的"流通"大不一样?后者的"流通"是很专门化和局部化的,会使人怀疑是否真的有一种总体的文化。唱片摧垮了这些藩篱,但是我们要注意,唱片另一方面又增强了公众和演奏者的专业化。古典或浪漫音乐意味着一个标准化的格式。巴罗克音乐不仅要求一个有限的群体,还要乐器与所演奏的音乐相配,要求演奏家掌握通过对古代的音乐作品和理论著作进行研究所获得的专业知识。当代音乐要求掌握新的乐器技巧,新的记谱方法,对新的演奏形式的适应。凡此种种,不胜枚举,足以表明从音乐的这个领域跨越到另一个领域有多么困难:组织的困难,把自己置于不同的情境中的困难,更不用说适应为不同的演奏而设的场所的困难了。于是,出现了这样的倾向,出现了适应不同种类的音乐的或大或小的群体,在社会及其音乐和演奏家中建立了危险的封闭的流通。当代音乐无法逃避这种发展,它无法逃避一般音乐社会的缺陷:它有它的地盘、它的聚会、它的明星、它的趋炎附势者、它的竞争对手、它的排他性;正如其他社会一样,它有市场价值、报价、盈利计算。不同的音乐圈子也就像监狱体制一样,绝大多数人在其中感到平安无事,但是他们却对别人进行痛苦的折磨。 福柯 : 我们必须考虑到这样的事实,在很长一段时期内,音乐是为社会的祭祀和仪式而设的:宗教音乐,室内乐;在19世纪,音乐与剧院之间的纽带是歌剧(更不用提歌剧在德国和意大利的政治和文化意义了),这也是一个凝聚性的因素。 我认为,如果谈起当代音乐的"文化隔绝"的话,在考察其他音乐的流通之后,我们马上就会要修正前面的说法。 拿摇滚乐来说吧,我们马上就有了完全相反的印象。摇滚音乐(比爵士乐从前的情形更厉害)不仅是许多人生活中不可分割的一部分,而且是文化的一种推动力:喜爱摇滚,喜爱这一类而不是那一类的摇滚,这也是一种生活方式,一种对社会作出反应的态度;这是一整套的趣味和态度。 摇滚乐紧张、强壮、生动、充满"戏剧性"(摇滚总是把自己弄得多彩多姿,听摇滚是一个事件,而且发生在舞台上),这种音乐本身是贫弱的,但是倾听它的人却能从中达到对自己的肯定;但是,在那种复杂的音乐面前,人们感到脆弱、遥远、充满了问题,好似被排斥在外。 我们无法谈论当代文化与音乐的普遍的单一关系,而是应该更加宽容,对音乐的多重性采取一种多多少少是亲善的态度。每一类音乐都有"权利"生存,这种权利可以视为价值的平等。每一类音乐的价值都取决于实践并喜爱它的人的认可。 布列兹 : 这样来谈论音乐的多重性是不是具有一种折衷主义的色彩?能够解决问题吗?正相反,这是把问题掩盖起来了--就像某些致力于激进自由社会的人所做的那样。所有这些音乐都是好的,它们都很棒。啊!多元主义!它对缺乏理解的人来说真是太妙了。爱情,每个人在自己的角落,但是都会爱他人。做自由主义者吧,对他人的趣味要宽容,他们反过来也会这样对待你的。一切都是好的,没有坏的东西;价值不再有了,但是每个人都会幸福。诸如此类的话语,尽管他们希望具有解放的作用,却只会相反地增强自己的隔绝状态,为自己的隔绝状态感到宽慰,特别是当自己看到了别人的隔绝状态之后。这种机制提醒我们不要迷失在这种肤浅的乌托邦中:有些音乐是为了赚钱和带来商业利益而存在的;有些音乐则要花费钱,与赢利的观念毫不相干。任何自由主义也抹杀不了这种界限。 福柯 : 我有这样的印象,许多帮助人们接近音乐的工具到头来削弱了我们与音乐的关系。这里有一个大而复杂的机制在起作用。如果很难接触到音乐,那倒能保护人们选择音乐的能力,也带来了倾听音乐时的灵活性。但是如果更加频繁地接触音乐(电台、唱片、卡带),对音乐越熟悉,习惯就凝固下来了;最经常出现的变成最能够接受的,最后只有一种保留下来。这导致了某种"追踪",这是一种神经病症。 显然,市场的法则很容易运用到这种简单的机制之中。产品投放到大众之中,大众就倾听。大众发现自己在听某一类东西,因为提供的就是这种东西,这又强化了某种趣味,划定出一块规定得很好的听觉空间,制订出越来越专门化的倾听计划。而音乐则必须满足这种期待,等等。因此商业产品、评论、音乐会,所有这些增强公众与音乐的关系的东西都使人感到,要接受一种新的音乐是越来越困难了。 当然,这一过程也并不是十分确定的。对音乐的不断熟悉也会增强倾听音乐的能力,从而导致对多样性的选择;但这有可能不会很普遍,只是少数的情形,如果我们不努力地将熟悉性疏异化的话。 毫无疑问,我并不赞成减少与音乐的关系,但是要知道,这种关系如果具有了一种日常生活的色彩,再加上经济的法则凌驾其上,就能把传统僵化。并不是说要更少地接触音乐,而是要把它的频繁出现从习惯和熟悉性中拉过来。 布列兹 : 听众对当代音乐真的缺乏注意和漠不关心吗?这种经常出现的抱怨是不是出于懒惰和习惯于舒适地呆在熟知的领域?贝尔格在半个多世纪前就写过一篇文章,题为《为什么勋伯格的音乐很难理解?》,他描述的困难同我们现在碰到的几乎一模一样。难道情形一点都没有改变吗?也许,所有的创新都会挫伤对之不习惯的人的感觉。但是如今作品向大众的传播带来了特定的困难。古典和浪漫派的音乐构成了人们熟知的主要的曲目资源,它们遵循一定的程式,人们对之的欣赏可以相对独立于单独的作品来进行。交响曲的乐章是根据其形式、特性和节奏形态来划分的,它们彼此区别开来,绝大多数乐章之间有实际的停顿,或者是明显的过渡。交响乐的语言建立在"分类的"和弦的基础之上,它们都有很好的名字,你不用分析就知道这些和弦是什么,发挥怎样的功能。它们像讯号那样富有功效和稳妥可靠;它们在这个作品中出现,又在那个作品中出现,每一次出现都带着同样的功能。逐渐地,这些令人感到宽慰的要素逐渐从"严肃"音乐中消失了。音乐的进化朝着不间断的、越来越彻底的更新的道路上发展,既包括作品的形式,也包括作品的语言。音乐作品变成了独一无二的事件,它并非完全不能让人预料,但是却不服从任何先决的、人们认可的指导体系;这当然带来了人们理解上的障碍。它要求听者熟悉作品的进程,为了达到这一点,就必须把它听上很多遍。当人们对作品的进程熟悉的时候,对作品的理解、对作品所表达的内容的感知就会开花结果。如今,初次的倾听是越来越难带来对作品的感觉和理解了。可能对作品会有自然而然的反应,通过语句的力量,美妙的音色,某些可以理解的暗示性的语句。但是深刻的理解只能通过反复的倾听来实现,通过再现音乐的进程,这种重复代替了以往那种普遍认同的范式。 这种以往的范式--语汇的和形式的--从所谓的严肃音乐中撤退出来,到某些大众流行样式中去避难,成为音乐消费的对象。在那里,创作仍然是按照特定的样式和人们所接受的形态来进行的。保守主义并不总在人们期待的地方出现:无可否认,某些保守的音乐形式和语言构成了所有商业化音乐的基础,而狂热接受这种音乐的一代人最不想要的也就是保守主义了。这是我们时代的悖论,抗议者的歌唱通过的是受到贿赂的语言,商业的成功使得抗议显得空洞无物。 福柯 : 在这一点上,20世纪的音乐和绘画还有另一个不同的演化方向。从塞尚以来,绘画倾向于把自己创造的行为本身公之于众:这种行为是可见的、惹人注目的、在作品中确定无疑地表露出来,无论是通过使用要素性的标记,或者是通过对自身运动的追踪。正相反,当代音乐提供给听众的只是它结构的外表。 这样,在听这种音乐的时候,产生了既困难又迫切的问题。每一次倾听都把自己表现为一个事件,听者关注它,而且必须接受它。没有任何暗示让听者作某种期待和确认。他听着它发生。这是一种非常困难的倾听模式,同重复听古典音乐带来的那种熟悉感是非常矛盾的。 今日音乐的文化隔绝状态并不简单是教育和传播的缺乏引起的。光是抱怨音乐学院或唱片公司是 很容易的。情况比这严重得多。当代音乐发展到这样一种独一无二的处境,要归咎于其作品。在此意义上,它是有意要这样做的。这种音乐不想让人们熟悉。它就是要用这种方式来保持自己的优势。我们能重复它,但是它不重复自己。在这个意义上说,人们不能把它当做一个物体来返回它。它永远突兀在边界线上。 布列兹 : 既然它渴望永不停歇的开拓和发现--新的情感领域,试验新的材料--当代音乐注定了是一个堪察加半岛(还记得波德莱尔和圣佩甫吗?),供罕见的探险者满足他们无畏的好奇心吗?要知道,最谨严的听众是在往日的音乐商店中获得他们专有的音乐文化的,而且是特定的往日。而最开放的听众--是不是因为他们最无知呢?--则对其他的表现方式有持续的兴趣,特别是造型艺术。"陌生者"最能接受?一个危险的结合将表明现在的音乐将从"真正的"音乐文化中死去,为的是在更广大和更含混的领域中得到一席之地,在那里业余爱好占主导地位,审美变成消遣。别把这称作"音乐"--只要你别把它称为音乐,随你怎么去玩都行;那属于不同的欣赏领域,同我们所说的对真正的音乐、大师的音乐的欣赏毫不相干。当我们这样争辩的时候,即使带着天真的骄傲,也是在接近一个无可争辩的真理。判断和口味是门类划分和预先设定的范式的囚徒。他们要我们相信,这里区分的是高贵的情感表达与建立在实验基础上的危险的手艺之间的差别:思想对工具。这是一个倾听的问题,它无法被调节了去适应不同的创造音乐的方法。我当然不会去宣扬一种普适的音乐,我认为那不过是一种超级市场的美学,这种蛊惑人心的宣传不敢打出自己的旗号,把自己装扮成具有良好的用心,来掩饰自己可怜的折衷和妥协。我很清楚--幸亏我有很多的经验,而且都是非常直接的--超越了某种复杂性之后,感知就迷失了方向,陷入绝望的混乱,变得厌烦并进入停滞状态。我的意思是说我可以保持批评性的反应,但是我的执著不是自动地从"当代性"本身产生出来的。某种对听觉的调制已经在发生了,这其实是很糟糕的,因为它超越了历史的限度。我们听巴洛克音乐,不是与瓦格纳和斯特劳斯音乐一个听法。但是为了让音乐文化能够相互认同和吸收,需要去适应标准,适应成规,而创新也要视所处的历史情境而与之相适应。文化在冒险中铸造、维持和播撒自身,带着两副面孔:有时是残暴、斗争和骚乱;有时是沉思、非暴力和沉默。这种文化的冒险不管呈现怎样的形式--最吵闹的并不总是最惊人的,但是最吵闹的肯定无可救药地是最肤浅的--忽略它是不行的,取消它则更为徒劳。我们甚至能声称,也许会有更令人难受的时代,创新和成规的合流更加困难,有些创新完全超越了人们所能容忍和"理性地"接受的程度;也许会有另外的时代,到时候又回复到更直接达成的秩序中去。所有这些现象的关系--个体与集体--是如此的复杂,以至于将它们严格地对应和分组是不可能的。我们会忍不住要说:先生们,打赌吧,相信"时间的态度",请玩游戏,尽情地玩吧!否则,那该是多么地令人厌烦啊!Michel Foucault & Pierre Boulez: Contemporary Music and the Public MICHEL FOUCAULT. It is often said that contemporary music has drifted off track; that it has had a strange fate; that it has attained a degree of complexity which makes it inaccessible; that its techniques have set it on paths which are leading it further and further away. But on the contrary, what is striking to me is the multiplicity of links and relations between music and all the other elements of culture. There are several ways in which this is apparent. On the one hand, music has been much more sensitive to technological changes, much more closely bound to them than most of the other arts (with the exception perhaps of cinema). On the other hand, the evolution of these musics after Debussy or Stravinsky presents remarkable correlations with the evolution of painting. What is more, the theoretical problems which music has posed for itself, the way in which it has reflected on its language, its structures, and its material, depend on a question which has, I believe, spanned the entire twentieth century: the question of "form" which was that of Cézanne or the cubists, which was that of Schoenberg, which was also that of the Russian formalists or the School of Prague.I do not believe we should ask: with music at such a distance, how can we recapture it or repatriate it? But father: this music which is so close, so consubstantial with all our culture, how does it happen that we feel it, as it were, projected afar and placed at an almost insurmountable distance?PIERRE BOULEZ. Is the contemporary music "circuit" so different from the various "circuits" employed by symphonic music, chamber music, opera, Baroque music, all circuits so partitioned, so specialized that it's possible to ask if there really is a general culture? Acquaintance through recordings should, in principle, bring down those walls whose economic necessity is understandable, but one notices, on the contrary, that recordings reinforce specialization of the public as well as the performers. In the very organization of concerts or other productions, the forces which different types of music rely on more or less exclude a common organization, even polyvalence. Classical or romantic repertory implies a standardized format tending to include exceptions to this rule only if the economy of the whole is not disturbed by them, Baroque music necessarily implies not only a limited group, but instruments in keeping with the music played, musicians who have acquired a specialized knowledge of interpretation, based on studies of texts and theoretical works of the past. Contemporary music implies an approach involving new instrumental techniques, new notations, an aptitude for adapting to new performance situations. One could continue this enumeration and thus show the difficulties to be surmounted in passing from one domain to anther: difficulties of organization, of placing oneself in a different context, not to mention the difficulties of adapting places for such or such a kind of performance. Thus, there exists a tendency to form a larger or smaller society corresponding to each category of music, to establish a dangerously closed circuit among this society, its music, and its performers. Contemporary music does not escape this development; even if its attendance figures are proportionately weak, it does not escape the faults of musical society in general: it has its places, its rendezvous, its stars, its snobberies, its rivalries, its exclusivities; just like the other society, it has its market values, its quotes, its statistics. The different circles of music, if they are not Dante's, none the less reveal a prison system in which most fed at ease but whose constraints, on the contrary, painfully chafe others.MICHEL FOUCAULT. One must take into consideration the fact that for a very long time music has been tied to social rites and unified by them: religious music, chamber music; in the nineteenth century, the link between music and theatrical production in opera (not to mention the political or cultural meanings which the latter had in Germany or in Italy) was also an integrative factor.I believe that one cannot talk of the "cultural isolation" of contemporary music without soon correcting what one says of it by thinking about other circuits of music,With rock, for example, one has a completely inverse phenomenon. Not only is rock music (much more than jazz used to be) an integral part of the life of many people, but it is a cultural initiator: to like rock, to like a certain kind of rock rather than another, is also a way of life, a manner of reacting; it is a whole set of tastes and attitudes.Rock offers the possibility of a relation which is intense, strong, alive, "dramatic" (in that rock presents itself as a spectacle, that listening to it is an event and that it produces itself on stage), with a music that is itself impoverished, but through which the listener affirms himself; and with the other music, one has a frail, faraway, hothouse, problematical relation with an erudite music from which the cultivated public feels excluded.One cannot speak of a single relation of contemporary culture to music in general, but of a tolerance, more or less benevolent, with respect to a plurality of musics. Each is granted the "right" to existence, and this right is perceived as an equality of worth. Each is worth as much as the group which practices it or recognizes it.PIERRE BOULEZ. Will talking about musics in the plural and flaunting an eclectic ecumenicism solve the problem? It seems, on the contrary, that this will merely conjure it away - as do certain devotees of an advanced liberal society. All those musics are good, all those musics are nice. Ah! Pluralism! There's nothing like it for curing incomprehension. Love, each one of you in your corner, and each will love the others. Be liberal, be generous toward the tastes of others, and they will be generous to yours. Everything is good, nothing is bad; there aren't any values, but everyone is happy, This discourse, as liberating as it may wish to be, reinforces, on the contrary, the ghettos, comforts one's clear conscience for being in a ghetto, especially if from time to time one tours the ghettos of others. The economy is there to remind us, in case we get lost in this bland utopia: there are musics which bring in money and exist for commercial profit; there are musics that cost something, whose very concept has nothing to do with profit. No liberalism will erase this distinction.MICHEL FOUCAULT. I have the impression that many of the elements that are supposed to provide access to music actually impoverish our relationship with it. There is a quantitative mechanism working here. A certain rarity of relation to music could preserve an ability to choose what one hears, and thus a flexibility in listening. But the more frequent this relation is (radio, records, cassettes), the more familiarities it creates; habits crystallize; the most frequent becomes the most acceptable, and soon the only thing perceivable. It produces a "tracing" as the neurologists say.Clearly, the laws of the marketplace will readily apply to this simple mechanism. What is put at the disposition of the public is what the public hears. And what the public finds itself actually listening to, because it's offered up, reinforces a certain taste, underlines the limits of a well-defined listening capacity, defines more and more exclusively a schema for listening. Music had better satisfy this expectation, etc. So commercial productions, critics, concerts, everything that increases the contact of the public with music, risks making perception of the new more difficult.Of course the process is not unequivocal. Certainly increasing familiarity with music also enlarges the listening capacity and gives access to possible differentiations, but this phenomenon risks being only marginal; it must in any case remain secondary to the main impact of experience, if there is no real effort to derail familiarities.It goes without saying that I am not in favor of a rarefaction of the relation to music, but it must be understood that the everydayness of this relation, with all the economic stakes that are riding on it, can have this paradoxical effect of rigidifying tradition. It is not a matter of making access to music more rare, but of making its frequent appearances less devoted to habits and familiarities.PIERRE BOULEZ. We ought to note that not only is there a focus on the past, but even on the past in the past, as far as the performer is concerned. And this is of course how one attains ecstasy while listening to the interpretation of a certain classical work by a performer who disappeared decades ago; but ecstasy will reach orgasmic heights when one can refer to a performance of 20 July 1947 or of 30 December 1938. One sees a pseudo-culture of documentation taking shape, based on the exquisite hour and fugitive moment, which reminds us at once of the fragility and of the durability of the performer become immortal, rivaling now the immortality of the masterpiece. All the mysteries of the Shroud of Turin, all the powers of modem magic, what more could you want as an alibi for reproduction as opposed to real production? Modernity itself is this technical superiority we possess over former eras in being able to recreate the event. Ah! If we only had the first performance of the Ninth, even - especially - with all its flaws, or if only we could make Mozart's own delicious difference between the Prague and Vienna versions of Don Giovanni. . . . This historicizing carapace suffocates those who put it on, compresses them in an asphyxiating rigidity; the mephitic air they breathe constantly enfeebles their organism in relation to contemporary adventure. I imagine Fidelio glad to rest in his dungeon, or again I think of Plato's cave: a civilization of shadow and of shades.MICHEL FOUCAULT. Certainly listening to music becomes more difficult as its composition frees itself from any kind of schemas, signals, perceivable cues for a repetitive structure.In classical music, there is a certain transparency from the composition to the hearing. And even if many compositional features in Bach or Beethoven aren't recognizable by most listeners, there are always other features, important ones, which are accessible to them. But contemporary music, by trying to make each of its elements a unique event, makes any grasp or recognition by the listener difficult.PIERRE BOULEZ. Is there really only lack of attention, indifference on the part of the listener toward contemporary music? Might not the complaints so often articulated be due to laziness, to inertia, to the pleasant sensation of remaining in known territory? Berg wrote, already half a century ago, a text entitled "Why is Schonberg's music hard to understand?" The difficulties he described then are nearly the same as those we hear of now. Would they always have been the same? Probably, all novelty bruises the sensibilities of those unaccustomed to it. But it is believable that nowadays the communication of a work to a public presents some very specific difficulties. In classical and romantic music, which constitutes the principal resource of the familiar repertory, there are schemas which one obeys, which one can follow independently of the work itself, or rather which the work must necessarily exhibit. The movements of a symphony are defined in their form and in their character, even in their rhythmic life; they are distinct from one another, most of the time actually separated by a pause, sometimes tied by a transition that can be spotted. The vocabulary itself is based on "classified" chords, well-named: you don't have to analyze them to know what they are and what function they have. They have the efficacy and security of signals; they recur from one piece to another, always assuming the same appearance and the same functions. Progressively, these reassuring elements have disappeared from "serious" music. Evolution has gone in the direction of an ever more radical renewal, as much in the form of works as in their language. Musical works have tended to become unique events, which do have antecedents, but are not reducible to any guiding schema admitted, a priori, by all; this creates, certainly, a handicap for immediate comprehension. The listener is asked to familiarize himself with the course of the work and for this to listen to it a certain number of times. When the course of the work is familiar, comprehension of the work, perception of what it wants to express, can find a propitious terrain to bloom in. There are fewer and fewer chances for the first encounter to ignite perception and comprehension. There can be a spontaneous connection with it, through the force of the message, the quality of the writing, the beauty of the sound, the readability of the cues, but deep understanding can only come from repeated hearings, from remaking the course of the work, this repetition taking the place of an accepted schema such as was practiced previously.The schemas - of vocabulary, of form - which had been evacuated from what is called serious music (sometimes called learned music) have taken refuge in certain popular forms, in the objects of musical consumption. There, one still creates according to the genres, the accepted typologies. Conservatism is not necessarily found where it is expected: it is undeniable that a certain conservatism of form and language is at the base of all the commercial productions adopted with great enthusiasm by generations who want to be anything but conservative. It is a paradox of our times that played or sung protest transmits itself by means of an eminently subornable vocabulary, which does not fail to make itself known: commercial success evacuates protest.MICHEL FOUCAULT. And on this point there is perhaps a divergent evolution of music and painting in the twentieth century. Painting, since Cézanne, has tended to make itself transparent to the very act of painting: the act is made visible, insistent, definitively present in the picture, whether it be by the use of elementary signs, or by traces of its own dynamic. Contemporary music on the contrary offers to its hearing only the outer surface of its composition.Hence there is something difficult and imperious in listening to this music. Hence the fact that each hearing presents itself as an event which the listener attends, and which he must accept. There are no cues which permit him to expect it and recognize it. He listens to it happen. This is a very difficult mode of attention, one which is in contradiction to the familiarities woven by repeated hearing of classical music.The cultural insularity of music today is not simply the consequence of deficient pedagogy or propagation. It would be too facile to groan over the conservatories or complain about the record companies, Things are more serious. Contemporary music owes this unique situation to its very composition. In this sense, it is willed. It is not a music that tries to be familiar; it is fashioned to preserve its cutting edge. One may repeat it, but it does not repeat itself. In this sense, one cannot come back to it as to an object. It always pops up on frontiers.PIERRE BOULEZ. Since it wants to be in such a perpetual situation of discovery - new domains of sensibility, experimentation with new material - is contemporary music condemned to remain a Kamchatka (Baudelaire, Sainte-Beuve, remember?) reserved for the intrepid curiosity of infrequent explorers? It is remarkable that the most reticent listeners should be those who have acquired their musical culture exclusively in the stores of the past, indeed of a particular past; and the most open - only because they are the most ignorant? - are the listeners with a sustained interest in other means of expression, especially the plastic arts. The "foreigners" the most receptive? A dangerous connection which would tend to prove that current music would detach itself from the "true" musical culture in order to belong to a domain both vaster and more vague, where amateurism would preponderate, in critical judgment as in creation. Don't call that "music" - then we are willing to leave you your plaything; that is in the jurisdiction of a different appreciation, having nothing to do with the appreciation we reserve for true music, the music of the masters. Then this argument has been made, even in its arrogant naiveté, it approaches an irrefutable truth. Judgment and taste are prisoners of categories, of pre-established schemas which are referred to at all costs. Not, as they would have us believe, that the distinction is between an aristocracy of sentiments, a nobility of expression, and a chancy craft based on experimentation: thought versus tools. It is, rather, a matter of a listening that could not be modulated or adapted to different ways of inventing music. I certainly am not going to preach in favor of an ecumenicism of musics, which seems to me nothing but a supermarket aesthetic, a demagogy that dare not speak its name and decks itself with good intentions the better to camouflage the wretchedness of its compromise. Moreover, I do not reject the demands of quality in the sound as well as in the composition: aggression and provocation, bricolage and bluff are but insignificant and harmless palliatives. I am fully aware - thanks to many experiences, which could not have been more direct - that beyond a certain complexity perception finds itself disoriented in a hopelessly entangled chaos, that it gets bored and hangs up. This amounts to saying that I can keep my critical reactions and that my adherence is not automatically derived from the fact of "contemporaneity" itself. Certain modulations of hearing are already occurring, rather badly as a matter of fact, beyond particular historical limits. One doesn't listen to Baroque music - especially lesser works - as one listens to Wagner or Strauss; one doesn't listen to the polyphony of the Ars Nova as one listens to Debussy or Ravel. But in this latter case, how many listeners are ready to vary their "mode of being," musically speaking? And yet in order for musical culture, all musical culture, to be assimilable, there need only be this adaptation to criteria, and to conventions, which invention complies with according to the historical moment it occupies. This expansive respiration of the ages is at the opposite extreme from the asthmatic wheezings the fanatics make us hear from spectral reflections of the past in a tarnished mirror. A culture forges, sustains, and transmits itself in an adventure with a double face: sometimes brutality, struggle, turmoil; sometimes meditation, nonviolence, silence. Whatever form the adventure may take - the most surprising is not always the noisiest, but the noisiest is not irremediably the most superficial - it is useless to ignore it, and still more useless to sequestrate it. One might go so far as to say there are probably uncomfortable periods when the coincidence of invention and convention is more difficult, when some aspect of invention seems absolutely to go beyond what we can tolerate or "reasonably" absorb; and that there are other periods when things relapse to a more immediately accessible order. The relations among all these phenomena - individual and collective - are so complex that applying rigorous parallelisms or groupings to them is impossible. One would rather be tempted to say: gentlemen, place your bets, and for the rest, trust in the air du temps. But, please, play! Play! Otherwise, what infinite secretions of boredom!Foucault, Michel and Pierre Boulez. 1985. Contemporary Music and the Public. Perspectives of New Music, 24 (1 Fall-Winter), pp.6-12.
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李世相指出胡笳特点是器乐与人声的高低双声部即呼麦结合,繁钦《与魏文帝笺》中所谓"喉啭引声,与笳同音"可为佐证。作者认为建安时期,以曹氏兄弟为核心的邺下文人集团对潮尔音乐具有浓厚的兴趣
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通过图表从经济水平,福利国家,政府规模等方面回顾一百七十年来的西方
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