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  1. 郑鸿生:陳映真與台灣的「六十年代」--重試論台灣戰後新生代的自我實現
    2012/06/30 | 阅读: 4158
    台灣的六十年代是接受國民政府普及教育的戰後新生代成長期,是歷經肅殺1950年代之後的文藝復甦與思想解放期,又逢全球性青年造反運動--促成戰後新生代在六十年代開始深具時代意義的世代自我實現,在各面向影響此後三、四十年的台灣。
  2. 贾樟柯:大巴上的迈克尔•杰克逊
    2009/07/20 | 阅读: 2058
    6月25日,迈克尔·杰克逊死讯传出的时候,贾樟柯正在上海忙着拍纪录片《上海传奇》。他既不上网,也没看报,并不知道杰克逊死了,直到看到高晓松发来的短信:“迈克尔·杰克逊已于2009年6月25日下午在洛杉矶去世。这个人的去世让我感觉到,或许我们都老了。”
  3. 董阳:羌族民歌现状调查
    2012/12/06 | 阅读: 1599
    1950年,原四川省艺专(四川音乐学院前身)组织学生深入实地调查、采风,并将民歌带进了课堂用于教学,是目前知道的最早对羌族民歌进行的调研
  4. 葛涛:“百代”浮沉——近代上海百代唱片公司盛衰纪
    2008/12/04 | 阅读: 3803
    百代公司,民国时代最大规模的唱片企业,既是民国时代斑斓多彩的城市生活中的一面,也是社会时尚、流行文化在 声音上的具现。
  5. 萨义德:阿多诺的晚期风格
    2011/03/30 | 阅读: 1483
    对阿多诺来说,晚期是与超越了可以接受和常规之物而依然存留下来有关的理念;此外,晚期还包括这一理念:人们确实不可能完全超越晚期,不可能使自己脱离晚期,而只可能深化晚期。不存在任何超越性或统一性。在其《新音乐的哲学》一书中,阿多诺认为,勋伯格在实质上延续了晚期贝多芬的不可协调性、否定性和固定性。当然,晚期在其中也保留了一个人生命的晚期阶段。 于是出现了两个问题。贝多芬的晚期风格在阿多诺的整个著述中使其非常着迷的原因在于,贝多芬固定的和具有社会抵抗性的最后作品,以一种完全悖论性的方式,处在我们时代的现代音乐的新奇之处的核心。在贝多芬中期的歌剧《菲岱里奥》——典型的中期作品——里,人性的理念极为明显,而伴随它的则是一种更好的世界的理念。相似地,对黑格尔来说,不可调和的对立面,凭借辩证法,凭借对立面的和解这种宏大的综合,最终是可以和解的。晚期风格的贝多芬是不可协调性分离了,在这么做之时,“音乐从某种有意义之物越来越变成了某种晦涩之物——甚至对它本身来说也是这样”(阿多诺:《新音乐的哲学》)。因而,晚期风格的贝多芬控制着音乐对新的资产阶级秩序的拒绝,并且预示了勋伯格完全本真和新奇的艺术,那些“超前的音乐无所傍依,只坚持它自身的成规,不向它所识破了的自诩的博爱精神让步……在现存的境况之下,(音乐)被局限于明确的否定性”(阿多诺:《新音乐的哲学》)。其次,晚期风格的贝多芬远不是一种单纯的古怪的和不相干的现象,而是无情地异化和晦涩,变成了原型般的现代美学形式,由于与资产阶级社会疏离并拒绝它,乃至于宁静的死亡,正是由于这个原因,它获得了一种更大的意义和反抗性。 晚期的概念,以及在那些惊人地大胆和阴郁地反思一位正在变老的艺术家之地位时伴随它的东西,以如此众多的方式,对阿多诺来说似乎要成为美学的根本方面,并且要成为他自己作为批判理论家和哲学家的著作的根本方面。我对阿多诺的理解,并就他对音乐核心问题进行反思的理解,都把他看成是为马克思主义注射进了一种极为强有力的疫苗,以至于几乎彻底消解了它的煽动性的力量。马克思主义的进步概念和顶点概念,在阿多诺严厉否定性的嘲弄之下不仅崩溃了,而且使人想起运动的一切东西也都崩溃了。就其面临的死亡和衰老而言,就其本身充满希望的开始岁月而言,阿多诺把晚期贝多芬的模式用来维系晚期形式中的终结,但仅仅是为了晚期本身,为了它自身的缘故,而不是为了别的什么东西做准备或者把它抹去。晚期最终是存在,是充分的意识,是充满着记忆,而且也是对现存的真正的(甚至超常的)意识。像贝多芬一样,阿多诺因而成立一个晚期形象本身,成了一个最终的、令人震惊的、甚至灾难性的对现存的批评者。 [美]爱德华•W. 萨义德(Edward W. Said,1935-2003):《论晚期风格:反本质的音乐与文学》,阎嘉译,三联书店2009年版,第11-13页。     在哲学上,如果没有卢卡奇的《历史与阶级意识》所提供的宏伟灯塔,阿多诺就是匪夷所思的。但如果没有他对早期著作的必胜信念和暗含的超越性的拒绝,那么他也是匪夷所思的。对卢卡奇来说,如果说在小说和无产阶级意识这类重新书写的史诗的叙事形式中可以极大地看出、体现和达到主客体关系及其矛盾对立、碎裂与丧失、有关现代性的讽刺性的透视法学说的话,那么,对阿多诺来说——他在一篇反对卢卡奇的著名文章里曾经说到过——特别的选择就是一种在强迫之下的虚假和解。现代性是一种堕落的、尚未得到救赎的现实,而新音乐几乎就是阿多诺自己的哲学实践,它所承担的任务就是要成为对于那种现实的不停的、示范性的提示。 [……]阿多诺描述了勋伯格的十二音技法,使用的几乎是逐字逐句地出自卢卡奇有关主体与客体对峙的戏剧的术语,但每一次都有进行综合的机会,而阿多诺却让勋伯格将其拒绝了。我们所看见的是阿多诺建构了一个惊人的退化序列,一个最后阶段的程序,他借以是自己的道路沿着卢卡奇所走过的路线向后穿行;由卢卡奇自愿提供的、使他自己脱离现代绝望的泥沼、经过艰苦设计出来的所有解决办法,正像阿多诺对勋伯格真正关注的东西的说明一样,都是被艰苦拆解和放弃了的无用之物。阿多诺的言辞把焦点集中在新音乐对于商业领域的无条件拒绝之上,从艺术之下截取出社会原因。就与修辞音符、幻想、调和、交流、人本主义和成功作斗争而言,艺术变得难以维系。 同上,第16-17页。     阿多诺是从长期体验的观点而不是革命性的开端来写作的,他所要书写的东西浸淫在文化之中。阿多诺作为一个晚期风格和最后阶段的理论家的立足点,是一种非凡的见识,与卢梭的立足点完全相反。也存在着对财富和特权的推想(的确是设想),我们现在把它称为精英主义,[……]阿多诺的世界是魏玛的世界,现代主义盛期的世界,奢华趣味的世界,一个受到激励的、似乎有点厌腻的业余的世界。 [……]在一个层面上,他那精英主义的偏好,当然起着其阶级背景的作用。但是,在另一个层面上,在他背离了其等级之后,他在其中所喜好的东西就是其悠闲与奢侈的享受;他在《最低限度的道德》中暗示,这使他得以继续通晓那些伟大的作品、伟大的大师和伟大的理念,不是当作专业学科主题,而是作为一个俱乐部的常客所沉湎于其中的实践。然而,这成了阿多诺不可能被任何体系吸纳的另一个原因,哪怕是上流社会的感知体系:他确实藐视可预言性,把自己反叛的、却极为愤世嫉俗的眼光转向了范围之内的一切。 然而,像普鲁斯特一样,阿多诺使自己的整个一生都过得和劳作得接近于西方社会最根本的连续性,哪怕是作为其中的一部分:家庭,知识分子团体,音乐与音乐会的生活,哲学传统,以及一切学术机构。但是,他始终都倾向于一面,绝不是其中任何一种的完整部分。[……]他的著作像一种对位法的声音,与法西斯主义、资产阶级大众社会和共产主义纠缠在一起,如果没有它们就无法说明,对它们始终都是批判的和嘲讽的。 我认为,因而正确的是,把阿多诺毕生对第三个时期的贝多芬极为密切的关注,看成是小心保持着的对一种批判模式的选择,一种有利于他自己作为哲学家和文化批评家之现状的利益建构活动,而他作为哲学家和文化批评家则处于一种强迫的放逐之中,首先脱离了那个使他成为可能的社会。[……] 阿多诺是一个世俗的人,即法语“尘世”(mondain)意义上的世俗,他是都市的、有教养的和深思熟虑的,令人难以置信地能找到要说的有趣的事情,甚至在说起一个分号或惊叹号那样的事情时也能毫不装腔作势。这些特质——正在变老的、却在精神上敏捷的欧洲文化人的特质——与晚期风格相一致,他绝不习惯于苦行的平静或老练的成熟:没有多少线索可以作参考、作脚注或学究式的援引,但始终都有一种非常自信的和有良好教养的能力,非常胜任地去讨论巴赫以及爱好他的人,讨论社会和社会学。 阿多诺是一个非常晚期的人物,因为他所做的大多数事情都对他自己的时代产生了极为不利的影响。[……]对他的读者来说,不存在任何让步、概要、闲聊、有用的路标或便利的简化,也不存在任何安慰或虚假的乐观。在阅读阿多诺时所获得的印象之一在于,他是一架将自身分解成越来越小的部分的兴奋机器。他具有微型图画画家那种对于无情的细节的偏好:他搜索出最后的瑕疵并将其悬挂出来,带着学究式的小小窃笑加以审视。 同上,第18-23页。 Edward W. Said. On Late Style: Music and Literature against the Grain. Random House Inc, 2007.
  6. 范子烨:对繁钦《与魏文帝笺》的音乐学阐释--潮尔与胡笳:中古時代的喉音藝術
    2012/11/03 | 阅读: 2715
    李世相指出胡笳特点是器乐与人声的高低双声部即呼麦结合,繁钦《与魏文帝笺》中所谓"喉啭引声,与笳同音"可为佐证。作者认为建安时期,以曹氏兄弟为核心的邺下文人集团对潮尔音乐具有浓厚的兴趣
  7. 聂耳:观中国哑剧《香篆幻境》后
    2013/02/08 | 阅读: 1763
    阿夫(甫)夏洛穆夫是一个专门研究中国音乐及戏剧的俄国作曲家,他的作品有交响乐曲"北平胡同印象记"、舞蹈音乐"琴心波光香篆幻境"及歌曲"晴雯绝命辞"等。
  8. 罗曼·罗兰:论莫扎特——根据莫扎特的书信
    2009/03/07 | 阅读: 1566
    首先引起我们注意的,是他那种不可思议的精神健康,想到他受着病魔侵蚀的身体,他精神的健康就更可惊讶了。
  9. 约翰·罗塞利:贝利尼的歌剧
    2010/02/23 | 阅读: 1229
    在所有不幸英年早逝的作曲大师里,舒伯特的早逝显然是最让人心痛的。他最后的作品里时时闪过天才的光芒,从中可以看到他有闯出一片新天地的气魄,直逼他敬重的贝多芬。莫扎特早逝当然也让人惋惜,好在他写出了那么多完美的杰作,从他全部作品来看,他似乎已经功德圆满,没有给人留下舒伯特那样的缺憾。说到这个话题,就不能不提到贝利尼。他的早逝不仅让美声歌剧爱好者心痛,也让所有乐迷心痛不已。他33岁写出的《清教徒》比起之前的《诺尔玛》又迈进了一大步,让人不免遐想,要是他能多活哪怕几年时间,也许他不仅能成为意大利最伟大的歌剧作曲家,甚至可能撼动整个世界歌剧版图,让意大利歌剧传统重振雄风。瓦格纳受贝利尼的影响也要比目前更深刻。一贝利尼相貌英俊,有金色的头发和湛蓝的双眸,典型的西西里人。可惜他33岁就英年早逝,死在了成功的顶峰、死在了浪漫主义运动的顶峰。贝利尼死于1835年9月23日,当时他借住在朋友租来的房子里,那座房子就在巴黎郊外的Puteaux村庄附近。他感染了阿米巴痢疾,时常发作,但医生一直没能作出恰当的诊断,当时的医疗水平也不足以治愈他的病。这年夏末,贝利尼就病倒了。那时他所有朋友都不在巴黎,而是和他一样到各处度假。大概八个月前,他的歌剧《清教徒》在巴黎取得轰动性成功,而仅仅几周前,贝利尼还意气风发地出现在社交场合,这也让他的死格外让人震惊。贝利尼死后立即成为一个传奇。那个时代的人们喜欢拿他与肖邦相比,同是风格独特、忧郁温柔的作曲家。当然这样的类比有时显得牵强,首先他们彼此的影响微乎其微,而两人都会时时表现出强悍一面。贝利尼作品不多,在所有音乐体裁里,他选择了歌剧,因为歌剧对有抱负的年轻意大利人敞开着大门。按当时的标准,贝利尼过于挑剔,平均一年才创作一部歌剧,而其他人要写三到四部。1828年6月14日,贝利尼这样写道:“按我的风格(作曲),我就不得不吐血。” 时常有人觉得贝利尼歌剧整体水平不平均。事实如此:拿他的杰作《诺尔玛》来说,里面也有不少平庸之处,只有《梦游女》比较平均,可惜其题材如今也不太时髦了。贝利尼非常擅长写既像说话又有歌唱性的乐段,据说他曾经向朋友阿戈斯蒂诺·加洛解释说,当他“用激情之火”朗诵出剧本中的语句时,旋律就自然而然产生了。《诺尔玛》中有一段波里昂(Pollione)唱出的卡巴莱塔“Me protegge,me difende”,音符与唱词的对应丝丝入扣,开头上升的音程和附点节奏,让人想到罗西尼在男中音唱段里惯用的手法,而波里昂恰好也是一个男中音角色。但贝利尼这段达到更强烈的效果。这部歌剧结尾还有一段咏叹调“Deh! Non volerli vittime”,颇有张力,尤其是重复段落和华彩段落,几乎带有压倒全剧般的旋律魅力和庄严气质。贝利尼歌剧,尤其是早期歌剧里的男性角色往往有非常多的装饰音。这与作品首演时选择的歌唱家息息相关。当贝利尼在为乔瓦尼·大卫(Giovanni David)和乔瓦尼·巴蒂斯塔·鲁比尼(Giovanni Battista Rubini)创作时,有时他往往会采用非常炫目的花腔写法,一旦他面对的是罗西尼歌剧里的男高音类型,也就出现了《比安卡与费尔南多》中的费尔南多、《梦游女》中的埃尔维诺,《海盗》里Gualtiero的某些唱段也有这个特点。不过在《清教徒》中,虽然阿图罗的角色也是为鲁比尼写的,但里面很少有装饰音。这在他后来为其他男高音创作的角色里则几乎全然不见踪迹。值得注意的是,贝利尼为鲁比尼和杜普雷兹等人创作的花腔绝对没有罗西尼的花腔那样大胆而复杂,作为弥补,贝利尼歌剧的花腔和宣叙调唱段的音域都达到了非常高的音区。不过最终是董尼采蒂定下了男高音高音音区,并且把这个做法传给了威尔第。男中音也有相似趋势。贝利尼在给坦布里尼(又一位罗西尼式的歌唱家)写的角色里,常常用到“fioriture”,写出灵巧的乐段,比如《比安卡与费尔南多》中的菲力帕、《海盗》里的埃尔内斯托、《清教徒》中的里卡尔多。不过,《外国人》里的Valdeburgo则保持着质朴本色。随着歌剧潮流发展,男声的花腔渐渐过时了,偶尔为了个别场景的戏剧效果才会出现。贝利尼歌剧的女声角色,主要是女高音,当然也与他职业生涯里接触到的女高音歌唱家有关系。这与那个时代的风气有关,那是一个歌颂女性的纯真和美德的时代。在意大利,人们采用装饰音歌唱来刻画理想的女性形象,把她们塑造成介于人与神之间的形象,比如贝利尼的《凯普莱特与蒙太古》中的朱莉埃塔、《梦游女》中的阿米娜、《清教徒》中的埃尔维拉。在《海盗》里的Imogene这样的女性身上也能看到纯真的色彩,即便是诺尔玛,她优美的唱段也能给人一种高贵的感觉。二1845年,沙皇尼古拉斯一世携王后亚历山大·菲奥多洛夫娜来到西西里疗养,同行的还有他们的女儿奥尔加公爵夫人和数不清的随从。他们住在帕勒摩附近漂亮的别墅里,一住就是一年。为了纪念沙皇这次轰动的拜访,帕勒摩出版了一本精美的图书,里面收录了几幅版画,其中包括这些尊贵客人的肖像画。人们还写了几片短小文章和大量热情的诗歌,当然还有数不清的音乐作品,比如《恢复健康》、“奥尔加圆舞曲”等。在这片歌颂的海洋中,出现了一首特殊的作品,那就是贝利尼在12岁时创作的《蝴蝶》。这首短小而感人的歌曲,是贝利尼为他的“木偶”剧院创作的。当然,贝利尼与沙皇这次轰动的访问毫无关系,那时他已经去世十年了。但人们唱起他的歌曲却那么自然,他的名望是家乡人的荣耀。在这个隆重时节唱起这支旋律,倒是典型的贝利尼本人喜欢的做法。它不仅表现在贝利尼的音乐风格里,也表现在贝利尼与外界的关系里。贝利尼的单纯质朴就像从他灵魂里流淌出来的音乐一样。他是那种生来就有特殊魅力的人,有着某种超乎凡尘的气质。贝利尼的旋律清新而甜美,早年的旋律更是纯真无瑕,伴奏往往极其简单。这样纤细的网络太容易破裂了。学者曾经争论过,到底贝利尼这样做是因为对音乐理论和对位法一无所知,还是刻意远离那些东西。贝利尼倒是曾经说过这样的话,“对位法对我有什么用呢?我想要做的就是丰富人们的耳朵,感动人们的心灵。”这番话当然证明不了什么。如果贝利尼在那不勒斯圣塞巴斯蒂安诺音乐学院学习时,没有上过一点和声与对位法的基础课程,那他是不可能顺利毕业的。一百多年里,贝利尼时不时被人遗忘,可总有机缘出现:当罗萨·庞塞拉(Rosa Ponselle)、玛丽亚·卡拉斯唱起《诺尔玛》,当《梦游女》、《清教徒》焕然一新出现在舞台上,大众的品味忽然转向,恰逢此时,贝利尼独特的艺术重燃生机。先是1920年代的热潮,接着是1950年代,到现在也许仍然在热潮之中。卡拉斯去世,其他卓越歌唱家纷纷退休,上面提到的三部歌剧,已经很少搬上舞台了,好在有录音,它让千万乐迷把这三部歌剧当做贝利尼艺术的精髓。有了录音技术,人们也能听到贝利尼其他几部早已被人遗忘的作品:《海盗》、《外国人》、《凯普莱特与蒙太古》、《扎伊拉》。后面两部作品曾经让贝利尼饱尝失败的苦涩。意大利人从未忘记贝利尼,哪怕是1890年代到1920年代,那时知识分子对贝利尼嗤之以鼻。今天贝利尼的头像还印在5000里拉钞票上。其他国家明眼的音乐爱好者深知,贝利尼是一位个性多么独特的作曲家,尽管作品为数不多,且绝大部分限于歌剧,但他的位置却格外重要。⊙容惠 编译
  10. 福柯:当代音乐与大众--与布列兹的对话
    2011/12/25 | 阅读: 2740
    福柯 : 人们常说这样的话:当代音乐偏离了正轨,它的命运非常奇特,它复杂到如此的地步以致于不可接近,它的技巧使它走上了一条不归路。但另一方面,音乐吸引我的地方在于它与其他文化要素之间的多样复杂的关系。这一点从不同的角度来看都是很明显的。一方面,音乐对技术的进步非常敏感,它对技术的依赖性比其他艺术门类要大得多(也许电影是个例外)。另一方面,从德彪西和斯特拉文斯基之后的音乐发展同绘画的发展有很多密切相关之处。此外,音乐为自身提出的理论问题,它对自身的语言、结构、材料的反思方式,取决于一个在20世纪具有普遍意义的问题:"形式"的问题。这个问题在塞尚((Cezanne)、立体主义者、勋伯格(Schoenberg)、俄国形式主义者或是布拉格学派那里都是存在的。 我认为我们不应该问:既然音乐已经走得如此之远,我们怎么才能再度体验和重新享有它?而应该问:这个音乐与我们所有的文化如此接近,如此一体化,我们怎么会觉得与它如此疏异、与它有如此不可逾越的距离呢? 布列兹 : 是不是因为当代音乐的"流通"与交响音乐、室内乐、歌剧、巴罗克音乐的"流通"大不一样?后者的"流通"是很专门化和局部化的,会使人怀疑是否真的有一种总体的文化。唱片摧垮了这些藩篱,但是我们要注意,唱片另一方面又增强了公众和演奏者的专业化。古典或浪漫音乐意味着一个标准化的格式。巴罗克音乐不仅要求一个有限的群体,还要乐器与所演奏的音乐相配,要求演奏家掌握通过对古代的音乐作品和理论著作进行研究所获得的专业知识。当代音乐要求掌握新的乐器技巧,新的记谱方法,对新的演奏形式的适应。凡此种种,不胜枚举,足以表明从音乐的这个领域跨越到另一个领域有多么困难:组织的困难,把自己置于不同的情境中的困难,更不用说适应为不同的演奏而设的场所的困难了。于是,出现了这样的倾向,出现了适应不同种类的音乐的或大或小的群体,在社会及其音乐和演奏家中建立了危险的封闭的流通。当代音乐无法逃避这种发展,它无法逃避一般音乐社会的缺陷:它有它的地盘、它的聚会、它的明星、它的趋炎附势者、它的竞争对手、它的排他性;正如其他社会一样,它有市场价值、报价、盈利计算。不同的音乐圈子也就像监狱体制一样,绝大多数人在其中感到平安无事,但是他们却对别人进行痛苦的折磨。 福柯 : 我们必须考虑到这样的事实,在很长一段时期内,音乐是为社会的祭祀和仪式而设的:宗教音乐,室内乐;在19世纪,音乐与剧院之间的纽带是歌剧(更不用提歌剧在德国和意大利的政治和文化意义了),这也是一个凝聚性的因素。 我认为,如果谈起当代音乐的"文化隔绝"的话,在考察其他音乐的流通之后,我们马上就会要修正前面的说法。 拿摇滚乐来说吧,我们马上就有了完全相反的印象。摇滚音乐(比爵士乐从前的情形更厉害)不仅是许多人生活中不可分割的一部分,而且是文化的一种推动力:喜爱摇滚,喜爱这一类而不是那一类的摇滚,这也是一种生活方式,一种对社会作出反应的态度;这是一整套的趣味和态度。 摇滚乐紧张、强壮、生动、充满"戏剧性"(摇滚总是把自己弄得多彩多姿,听摇滚是一个事件,而且发生在舞台上),这种音乐本身是贫弱的,但是倾听它的人却能从中达到对自己的肯定;但是,在那种复杂的音乐面前,人们感到脆弱、遥远、充满了问题,好似被排斥在外。 我们无法谈论当代文化与音乐的普遍的单一关系,而是应该更加宽容,对音乐的多重性采取一种多多少少是亲善的态度。每一类音乐都有"权利"生存,这种权利可以视为价值的平等。每一类音乐的价值都取决于实践并喜爱它的人的认可。 布列兹 : 这样来谈论音乐的多重性是不是具有一种折衷主义的色彩?能够解决问题吗?正相反,这是把问题掩盖起来了--就像某些致力于激进自由社会的人所做的那样。所有这些音乐都是好的,它们都很棒。啊!多元主义!它对缺乏理解的人来说真是太妙了。爱情,每个人在自己的角落,但是都会爱他人。做自由主义者吧,对他人的趣味要宽容,他们反过来也会这样对待你的。一切都是好的,没有坏的东西;价值不再有了,但是每个人都会幸福。诸如此类的话语,尽管他们希望具有解放的作用,却只会相反地增强自己的隔绝状态,为自己的隔绝状态感到宽慰,特别是当自己看到了别人的隔绝状态之后。这种机制提醒我们不要迷失在这种肤浅的乌托邦中:有些音乐是为了赚钱和带来商业利益而存在的;有些音乐则要花费钱,与赢利的观念毫不相干。任何自由主义也抹杀不了这种界限。 福柯 : 我有这样的印象,许多帮助人们接近音乐的工具到头来削弱了我们与音乐的关系。这里有一个大而复杂的机制在起作用。如果很难接触到音乐,那倒能保护人们选择音乐的能力,也带来了倾听音乐时的灵活性。但是如果更加频繁地接触音乐(电台、唱片、卡带),对音乐越熟悉,习惯就凝固下来了;最经常出现的变成最能够接受的,最后只有一种保留下来。这导致了某种"追踪",这是一种神经病症。 显然,市场的法则很容易运用到这种简单的机制之中。产品投放到大众之中,大众就倾听。大众发现自己在听某一类东西,因为提供的就是这种东西,这又强化了某种趣味,划定出一块规定得很好的听觉空间,制订出越来越专门化的倾听计划。而音乐则必须满足这种期待,等等。因此商业产品、评论、音乐会,所有这些增强公众与音乐的关系的东西都使人感到,要接受一种新的音乐是越来越困难了。 当然,这一过程也并不是十分确定的。对音乐的不断熟悉也会增强倾听音乐的能力,从而导致对多样性的选择;但这有可能不会很普遍,只是少数的情形,如果我们不努力地将熟悉性疏异化的话。 毫无疑问,我并不赞成减少与音乐的关系,但是要知道,这种关系如果具有了一种日常生活的色彩,再加上经济的法则凌驾其上,就能把传统僵化。并不是说要更少地接触音乐,而是要把它的频繁出现从习惯和熟悉性中拉过来。 布列兹 : 听众对当代音乐真的缺乏注意和漠不关心吗?这种经常出现的抱怨是不是出于懒惰和习惯于舒适地呆在熟知的领域?贝尔格在半个多世纪前就写过一篇文章,题为《为什么勋伯格的音乐很难理解?》,他描述的困难同我们现在碰到的几乎一模一样。难道情形一点都没有改变吗?也许,所有的创新都会挫伤对之不习惯的人的感觉。但是如今作品向大众的传播带来了特定的困难。古典和浪漫派的音乐构成了人们熟知的主要的曲目资源,它们遵循一定的程式,人们对之的欣赏可以相对独立于单独的作品来进行。交响曲的乐章是根据其形式、特性和节奏形态来划分的,它们彼此区别开来,绝大多数乐章之间有实际的停顿,或者是明显的过渡。交响乐的语言建立在"分类的"和弦的基础之上,它们都有很好的名字,你不用分析就知道这些和弦是什么,发挥怎样的功能。它们像讯号那样富有功效和稳妥可靠;它们在这个作品中出现,又在那个作品中出现,每一次出现都带着同样的功能。逐渐地,这些令人感到宽慰的要素逐渐从"严肃"音乐中消失了。音乐的进化朝着不间断的、越来越彻底的更新的道路上发展,既包括作品的形式,也包括作品的语言。音乐作品变成了独一无二的事件,它并非完全不能让人预料,但是却不服从任何先决的、人们认可的指导体系;这当然带来了人们理解上的障碍。它要求听者熟悉作品的进程,为了达到这一点,就必须把它听上很多遍。当人们对作品的进程熟悉的时候,对作品的理解、对作品所表达的内容的感知就会开花结果。如今,初次的倾听是越来越难带来对作品的感觉和理解了。可能对作品会有自然而然的反应,通过语句的力量,美妙的音色,某些可以理解的暗示性的语句。但是深刻的理解只能通过反复的倾听来实现,通过再现音乐的进程,这种重复代替了以往那种普遍认同的范式。 这种以往的范式--语汇的和形式的--从所谓的严肃音乐中撤退出来,到某些大众流行样式中去避难,成为音乐消费的对象。在那里,创作仍然是按照特定的样式和人们所接受的形态来进行的。保守主义并不总在人们期待的地方出现:无可否认,某些保守的音乐形式和语言构成了所有商业化音乐的基础,而狂热接受这种音乐的一代人最不想要的也就是保守主义了。这是我们时代的悖论,抗议者的歌唱通过的是受到贿赂的语言,商业的成功使得抗议显得空洞无物。 福柯 : 在这一点上,20世纪的音乐和绘画还有另一个不同的演化方向。从塞尚以来,绘画倾向于把自己创造的行为本身公之于众:这种行为是可见的、惹人注目的、在作品中确定无疑地表露出来,无论是通过使用要素性的标记,或者是通过对自身运动的追踪。正相反,当代音乐提供给听众的只是它结构的外表。 这样,在听这种音乐的时候,产生了既困难又迫切的问题。每一次倾听都把自己表现为一个事件,听者关注它,而且必须接受它。没有任何暗示让听者作某种期待和确认。他听着它发生。这是一种非常困难的倾听模式,同重复听古典音乐带来的那种熟悉感是非常矛盾的。 今日音乐的文化隔绝状态并不简单是教育和传播的缺乏引起的。光是抱怨音乐学院或唱片公司是 很容易的。情况比这严重得多。当代音乐发展到这样一种独一无二的处境,要归咎于其作品。在此意义上,它是有意要这样做的。这种音乐不想让人们熟悉。它就是要用这种方式来保持自己的优势。我们能重复它,但是它不重复自己。在这个意义上说,人们不能把它当做一个物体来返回它。它永远突兀在边界线上。 布列兹 : 既然它渴望永不停歇的开拓和发现--新的情感领域,试验新的材料--当代音乐注定了是一个堪察加半岛(还记得波德莱尔和圣佩甫吗?),供罕见的探险者满足他们无畏的好奇心吗?要知道,最谨严的听众是在往日的音乐商店中获得他们专有的音乐文化的,而且是特定的往日。而最开放的听众--是不是因为他们最无知呢?--则对其他的表现方式有持续的兴趣,特别是造型艺术。"陌生者"最能接受?一个危险的结合将表明现在的音乐将从"真正的"音乐文化中死去,为的是在更广大和更含混的领域中得到一席之地,在那里业余爱好占主导地位,审美变成消遣。别把这称作"音乐"--只要你别把它称为音乐,随你怎么去玩都行;那属于不同的欣赏领域,同我们所说的对真正的音乐、大师的音乐的欣赏毫不相干。当我们这样争辩的时候,即使带着天真的骄傲,也是在接近一个无可争辩的真理。判断和口味是门类划分和预先设定的范式的囚徒。他们要我们相信,这里区分的是高贵的情感表达与建立在实验基础上的危险的手艺之间的差别:思想对工具。这是一个倾听的问题,它无法被调节了去适应不同的创造音乐的方法。我当然不会去宣扬一种普适的音乐,我认为那不过是一种超级市场的美学,这种蛊惑人心的宣传不敢打出自己的旗号,把自己装扮成具有良好的用心,来掩饰自己可怜的折衷和妥协。我很清楚--幸亏我有很多的经验,而且都是非常直接的--超越了某种复杂性之后,感知就迷失了方向,陷入绝望的混乱,变得厌烦并进入停滞状态。我的意思是说我可以保持批评性的反应,但是我的执著不是自动地从"当代性"本身产生出来的。某种对听觉的调制已经在发生了,这其实是很糟糕的,因为它超越了历史的限度。我们听巴洛克音乐,不是与瓦格纳和斯特劳斯音乐一个听法。但是为了让音乐文化能够相互认同和吸收,需要去适应标准,适应成规,而创新也要视所处的历史情境而与之相适应。文化在冒险中铸造、维持和播撒自身,带着两副面孔:有时是残暴、斗争和骚乱;有时是沉思、非暴力和沉默。这种文化的冒险不管呈现怎样的形式--最吵闹的并不总是最惊人的,但是最吵闹的肯定无可救药地是最肤浅的--忽略它是不行的,取消它则更为徒劳。我们甚至能声称,也许会有更令人难受的时代,创新和成规的合流更加困难,有些创新完全超越了人们所能容忍和"理性地"接受的程度;也许会有另外的时代,到时候又回复到更直接达成的秩序中去。所有这些现象的关系--个体与集体--是如此的复杂,以至于将它们严格地对应和分组是不可能的。我们会忍不住要说:先生们,打赌吧,相信"时间的态度",请玩游戏,尽情地玩吧!否则,那该是多么地令人厌烦啊!Michel Foucault & Pierre Boulez: Contemporary Music and the Public MICHEL FOUCAULT. It is often said that contemporary music has drifted off track; that it has had a strange fate; that it has attained a degree of complexity which makes it inaccessible; that its techniques have set it on paths which are leading it further and further away. But on the contrary, what is striking to me is the multiplicity of links and relations between music and all the other elements of culture. There are several ways in which this is apparent. On the one hand, music has been much more sensitive to technological changes, much more closely bound to them than most of the other arts (with the exception perhaps of cinema). On the other hand, the evolution of these musics after Debussy or Stravinsky presents remarkable correlations with the evolution of painting. What is more, the theoretical problems which music has posed for itself, the way in which it has reflected on its language, its structures, and its material, depend on a question which has, I believe, spanned the entire twentieth century: the question of "form" which was that of Cézanne or the cubists, which was that of Schoenberg, which was also that of the Russian formalists or the School of Prague.I do not believe we should ask: with music at such a distance, how can we recapture it or repatriate it? But father: this music which is so close, so consubstantial with all our culture, how does it happen that we feel it, as it were, projected afar and placed at an almost insurmountable distance?PIERRE BOULEZ. Is the contemporary music "circuit" so different from the various "circuits" employed by symphonic music, chamber music, opera, Baroque music, all circuits so partitioned, so specialized that it's possible to ask if there really is a general culture? Acquaintance through recordings should, in principle, bring down those walls whose economic necessity is understandable, but one notices, on the contrary, that recordings reinforce specialization of the public as well as the performers. In the very organization of concerts or other productions, the forces which different types of music rely on more or less exclude a common organization, even polyvalence. Classical or romantic repertory implies a standardized format tending to include exceptions to this rule only if the economy of the whole is not disturbed by them, Baroque music necessarily implies not only a limited group, but instruments in keeping with the music played, musicians who have acquired a specialized knowledge of interpretation, based on studies of texts and theoretical works of the past. Contemporary music implies an approach involving new instrumental techniques, new notations, an aptitude for adapting to new performance situations. One could continue this enumeration and thus show the difficulties to be surmounted in passing from one domain to anther: difficulties of organization, of placing oneself in a different context, not to mention the difficulties of adapting places for such or such a kind of performance. Thus, there exists a tendency to form a larger or smaller society corresponding to each category of music, to establish a dangerously closed circuit among this society, its music, and its performers. Contemporary music does not escape this development; even if its attendance figures are proportionately weak, it does not escape the faults of musical society in general: it has its places, its rendezvous, its stars, its snobberies, its rivalries, its exclusivities; just like the other society, it has its market values, its quotes, its statistics. The different circles of music, if they are not Dante's, none the less reveal a prison system in which most fed at ease but whose constraints, on the contrary, painfully chafe others.MICHEL FOUCAULT. One must take into consideration the fact that for a very long time music has been tied to social rites and unified by them: religious music, chamber music; in the nineteenth century, the link between music and theatrical production in opera (not to mention the political or cultural meanings which the latter had in Germany or in Italy) was also an integrative factor.I believe that one cannot talk of the "cultural isolation" of contemporary music without soon correcting what one says of it by thinking about other circuits of music,With rock, for example, one has a completely inverse phenomenon. Not only is rock music (much more than jazz used to be) an integral part of the life of many people, but it is a cultural initiator: to like rock, to like a certain kind of rock rather than another, is also a way of life, a manner of reacting; it is a whole set of tastes and attitudes.Rock offers the possibility of a relation which is intense, strong, alive, "dramatic" (in that rock presents itself as a spectacle, that listening to it is an event and that it produces itself on stage), with a music that is itself impoverished, but through which the listener affirms himself; and with the other music, one has a frail, faraway, hothouse, problematical relation with an erudite music from which the cultivated public feels excluded.One cannot speak of a single relation of contemporary culture to music in general, but of a tolerance, more or less benevolent, with respect to a plurality of musics. Each is granted the "right" to existence, and this right is perceived as an equality of worth. Each is worth as much as the group which practices it or recognizes it.PIERRE BOULEZ. Will talking about musics in the plural and flaunting an eclectic ecumenicism solve the problem? It seems, on the contrary, that this will merely conjure it away - as do certain devotees of an advanced liberal society. All those musics are good, all those musics are nice. Ah! Pluralism! There's nothing like it for curing incomprehension. Love, each one of you in your corner, and each will love the others. Be liberal, be generous toward the tastes of others, and they will be generous to yours. Everything is good, nothing is bad; there aren't any values, but everyone is happy, This discourse, as liberating as it may wish to be, reinforces, on the contrary, the ghettos, comforts one's clear conscience for being in a ghetto, especially if from time to time one tours the ghettos of others. The economy is there to remind us, in case we get lost in this bland utopia: there are musics which bring in money and exist for commercial profit; there are musics that cost something, whose very concept has nothing to do with profit. No liberalism will erase this distinction.MICHEL FOUCAULT. I have the impression that many of the elements that are supposed to provide access to music actually impoverish our relationship with it. There is a quantitative mechanism working here. A certain rarity of relation to music could preserve an ability to choose what one hears, and thus a flexibility in listening. But the more frequent this relation is (radio, records, cassettes), the more familiarities it creates; habits crystallize; the most frequent becomes the most acceptable, and soon the only thing perceivable. It produces a "tracing" as the neurologists say.Clearly, the laws of the marketplace will readily apply to this simple mechanism. What is put at the disposition of the public is what the public hears. And what the public finds itself actually listening to, because it's offered up, reinforces a certain taste, underlines the limits of a well-defined listening capacity, defines more and more exclusively a schema for listening. Music had better satisfy this expectation, etc. So commercial productions, critics, concerts, everything that increases the contact of the public with music, risks making perception of the new more difficult.Of course the process is not unequivocal. Certainly increasing familiarity with music also enlarges the listening capacity and gives access to possible differentiations, but this phenomenon risks being only marginal; it must in any case remain secondary to the main impact of experience, if there is no real effort to derail familiarities.It goes without saying that I am not in favor of a rarefaction of the relation to music, but it must be understood that the everydayness of this relation, with all the economic stakes that are riding on it, can have this paradoxical effect of rigidifying tradition. It is not a matter of making access to music more rare, but of making its frequent appearances less devoted to habits and familiarities.PIERRE BOULEZ. We ought to note that not only is there a focus on the past, but even on the past in the past, as far as the performer is concerned. And this is of course how one attains ecstasy while listening to the interpretation of a certain classical work by a performer who disappeared decades ago; but ecstasy will reach orgasmic heights when one can refer to a performance of 20 July 1947 or of 30 December 1938. One sees a pseudo-culture of documentation taking shape, based on the exquisite hour and fugitive moment, which reminds us at once of the fragility and of the durability of the performer become immortal, rivaling now the immortality of the masterpiece. All the mysteries of the Shroud of Turin, all the powers of modem magic, what more could you want as an alibi for reproduction as opposed to real production? Modernity itself is this technical superiority we possess over former eras in being able to recreate the event. Ah! If we only had the first performance of the Ninth, even - especially - with all its flaws, or if only we could make Mozart's own delicious difference between the Prague and Vienna versions of Don Giovanni. . . . This historicizing carapace suffocates those who put it on, compresses them in an asphyxiating rigidity; the mephitic air they breathe constantly enfeebles their organism in relation to contemporary adventure. I imagine Fidelio glad to rest in his dungeon, or again I think of Plato's cave: a civilization of shadow and of shades.MICHEL FOUCAULT. Certainly listening to music becomes more difficult as its composition frees itself from any kind of schemas, signals, perceivable cues for a repetitive structure.In classical music, there is a certain transparency from the composition to the hearing. And even if many compositional features in Bach or Beethoven aren't recognizable by most listeners, there are always other features, important ones, which are accessible to them. But contemporary music, by trying to make each of its elements a unique event, makes any grasp or recognition by the listener difficult.PIERRE BOULEZ. Is there really only lack of attention, indifference on the part of the listener toward contemporary music? Might not the complaints so often articulated be due to laziness, to inertia, to the pleasant sensation of remaining in known territory? Berg wrote, already half a century ago, a text entitled "Why is Schonberg's music hard to understand?" The difficulties he described then are nearly the same as those we hear of now. Would they always have been the same? Probably, all novelty bruises the sensibilities of those unaccustomed to it. But it is believable that nowadays the communication of a work to a public presents some very specific difficulties. In classical and romantic music, which constitutes the principal resource of the familiar repertory, there are schemas which one obeys, which one can follow independently of the work itself, or rather which the work must necessarily exhibit. The movements of a symphony are defined in their form and in their character, even in their rhythmic life; they are distinct from one another, most of the time actually separated by a pause, sometimes tied by a transition that can be spotted. The vocabulary itself is based on "classified" chords, well-named: you don't have to analyze them to know what they are and what function they have. They have the efficacy and security of signals; they recur from one piece to another, always assuming the same appearance and the same functions. Progressively, these reassuring elements have disappeared from "serious" music. Evolution has gone in the direction of an ever more radical renewal, as much in the form of works as in their language. Musical works have tended to become unique events, which do have antecedents, but are not reducible to any guiding schema admitted, a priori, by all; this creates, certainly, a handicap for immediate comprehension. The listener is asked to familiarize himself with the course of the work and for this to listen to it a certain number of times. When the course of the work is familiar, comprehension of the work, perception of what it wants to express, can find a propitious terrain to bloom in. There are fewer and fewer chances for the first encounter to ignite perception and comprehension. There can be a spontaneous connection with it, through the force of the message, the quality of the writing, the beauty of the sound, the readability of the cues, but deep understanding can only come from repeated hearings, from remaking the course of the work, this repetition taking the place of an accepted schema such as was practiced previously.The schemas - of vocabulary, of form - which had been evacuated from what is called serious music (sometimes called learned music) have taken refuge in certain popular forms, in the objects of musical consumption. There, one still creates according to the genres, the accepted typologies. Conservatism is not necessarily found where it is expected: it is undeniable that a certain conservatism of form and language is at the base of all the commercial productions adopted with great enthusiasm by generations who want to be anything but conservative. It is a paradox of our times that played or sung protest transmits itself by means of an eminently subornable vocabulary, which does not fail to make itself known: commercial success evacuates protest.MICHEL FOUCAULT. And on this point there is perhaps a divergent evolution of music and painting in the twentieth century. Painting, since Cézanne, has tended to make itself transparent to the very act of painting: the act is made visible, insistent, definitively present in the picture, whether it be by the use of elementary signs, or by traces of its own dynamic. Contemporary music on the contrary offers to its hearing only the outer surface of its composition.Hence there is something difficult and imperious in listening to this music. Hence the fact that each hearing presents itself as an event which the listener attends, and which he must accept. There are no cues which permit him to expect it and recognize it. He listens to it happen. This is a very difficult mode of attention, one which is in contradiction to the familiarities woven by repeated hearing of classical music.The cultural insularity of music today is not simply the consequence of deficient pedagogy or propagation. It would be too facile to groan over the conservatories or complain about the record companies, Things are more serious. Contemporary music owes this unique situation to its very composition. In this sense, it is willed. It is not a music that tries to be familiar; it is fashioned to preserve its cutting edge. One may repeat it, but it does not repeat itself. In this sense, one cannot come back to it as to an object. It always pops up on frontiers.PIERRE BOULEZ. Since it wants to be in such a perpetual situation of discovery - new domains of sensibility, experimentation with new material - is contemporary music condemned to remain a Kamchatka (Baudelaire, Sainte-Beuve, remember?) reserved for the intrepid curiosity of infrequent explorers? It is remarkable that the most reticent listeners should be those who have acquired their musical culture exclusively in the stores of the past, indeed of a particular past; and the most open - only because they are the most ignorant? - are the listeners with a sustained interest in other means of expression, especially the plastic arts. The "foreigners" the most receptive? A dangerous connection which would tend to prove that current music would detach itself from the "true" musical culture in order to belong to a domain both vaster and more vague, where amateurism would preponderate, in critical judgment as in creation. Don't call that "music" - then we are willing to leave you your plaything; that is in the jurisdiction of a different appreciation, having nothing to do with the appreciation we reserve for true music, the music of the masters. Then this argument has been made, even in its arrogant naiveté, it approaches an irrefutable truth. Judgment and taste are prisoners of categories, of pre-established schemas which are referred to at all costs. Not, as they would have us believe, that the distinction is between an aristocracy of sentiments, a nobility of expression, and a chancy craft based on experimentation: thought versus tools. It is, rather, a matter of a listening that could not be modulated or adapted to different ways of inventing music. I certainly am not going to preach in favor of an ecumenicism of musics, which seems to me nothing but a supermarket aesthetic, a demagogy that dare not speak its name and decks itself with good intentions the better to camouflage the wretchedness of its compromise. Moreover, I do not reject the demands of quality in the sound as well as in the composition: aggression and provocation, bricolage and bluff are but insignificant and harmless palliatives. I am fully aware - thanks to many experiences, which could not have been more direct - that beyond a certain complexity perception finds itself disoriented in a hopelessly entangled chaos, that it gets bored and hangs up. This amounts to saying that I can keep my critical reactions and that my adherence is not automatically derived from the fact of "contemporaneity" itself. Certain modulations of hearing are already occurring, rather badly as a matter of fact, beyond particular historical limits. One doesn't listen to Baroque music - especially lesser works - as one listens to Wagner or Strauss; one doesn't listen to the polyphony of the Ars Nova as one listens to Debussy or Ravel. But in this latter case, how many listeners are ready to vary their "mode of being," musically speaking? And yet in order for musical culture, all musical culture, to be assimilable, there need only be this adaptation to criteria, and to conventions, which invention complies with according to the historical moment it occupies. This expansive respiration of the ages is at the opposite extreme from the asthmatic wheezings the fanatics make us hear from spectral reflections of the past in a tarnished mirror. A culture forges, sustains, and transmits itself in an adventure with a double face: sometimes brutality, struggle, turmoil; sometimes meditation, nonviolence, silence. Whatever form the adventure may take - the most surprising is not always the noisiest, but the noisiest is not irremediably the most superficial - it is useless to ignore it, and still more useless to sequestrate it. One might go so far as to say there are probably uncomfortable periods when the coincidence of invention and convention is more difficult, when some aspect of invention seems absolutely to go beyond what we can tolerate or "reasonably" absorb; and that there are other periods when things relapse to a more immediately accessible order. The relations among all these phenomena - individual and collective - are so complex that applying rigorous parallelisms or groupings to them is impossible. One would rather be tempted to say: gentlemen, place your bets, and for the rest, trust in the air du temps. But, please, play! Play! Otherwise, what infinite secretions of boredom!Foucault, Michel and Pierre Boulez. 1985. Contemporary Music and the Public. Perspectives of New Music, 24 (1 Fall-Winter), pp.6-12. 
  11. 瞿小松:虚幻的“主流”--上音讲座概要
    2011/09/23 | 阅读: 1595
    瞿小松教授1952年生于贵州贵阳;1978-1983年就读于中央音乐学院作曲系,师从杜鸣心教授;1983-1989年任教于中央音乐学院作曲系;1989年春,应纽约哥伦比亚大学之邀,赴美作访问学者,并开始他十余年自由职业作曲家的国际生涯,作品在全球范围被广泛演奏,西方乐评称其为"寂静的大师"、"节制的大师"、"无法归类的行者";2000年,瞿小松归国定居北京,并以集中授课方式任教于上海音乐学院。瞿小松 教授在讲座中讲到:20世纪90年代中期某年,我到中央音乐学院作曲系做讲座。"互动时段",有位女同学站起身,说:"老师,我很痛苦。"我问为啥。女孩子答:"我不喜欢现代音乐。"我笑了,说:"不喜欢就不喜欢,用不着痛苦。这个世界上,不难找到你自己喜欢的音乐。"女同学讲:"可是我的老师一定要我写现代音乐,所以我痛苦。"2009年春,十余年过去,我给上海音乐学院作曲系三年级同学看习作。有位同学的作品,如同另几位,一眼看去,复杂、艰涩、干枯、观念先行、毫无灵性,典型西欧20世纪学院先锋派灰白嘴脸。我憋不住了,问这位同学:"你自己喜欢这个作品吗?"同学毫不犹豫,答:"不喜欢。"我再问:"那你为什么写它?""我觉得如果不这样写,就不在主流里边。""新疆班"有几位维吾尔族的作曲家同学,问我:"老师,请你跟我们讲一讲,这个'十二音技法'是个什么东西?它不好听嘛,我们为什么一定要用它?"我反问:"是啊,你们为什么一定要用它?"答:"我们的作曲主科老师要求我们这样做。"我知道这位老师,也敬重这位老师。他自己以中国乐器为主体的创作,素有独到之处,也基本不用那个很成问题的"十二音序列"技法。自己不用,因何规定学生必用?我猜想,这位老师自己并不喜欢那东西,但同样害怕"不在主流"。悲哀!瞿小松 教授认为:曾因自由选择而遭打压的"新潮"们,千万勿以"新潮"而傲慢、而霸道。20世纪"现代作曲技法",扩展了音响领域扩展了表现手段,但若将其奉为神明而压抑天性,音乐的死亡就不远了。创造是一个鲜活的生命过程,而任何预设的"体系",从诞生,就已经死亡。当初勋伯格创立"十二音序列技法",本意是要将音从调性主音的"统治"下解放。然而在他体系的规则当中,某音出现,之后必待其他十一音现身,这音才再有说话的机会。规则铁定,"军令如山",所有"白键黑键"的一十二个音,通通被"解放"进了集中营,不再有任何一个音自由。自由在指定的"平等"中被剥夺。在讲座中,瞿小松 教授指出:中国的音乐学院教育体统,即以西方音乐为唯一主体的教学大纲,存在着严重的缺憾。无动于衷的我们,批量生产的我们,经有缺陷的"四大件"训练的我们,没接上真正意义国际时代之轨的我们,不幸的我们,仅有一副缺陷的"四大件"眼镜,以它看待文艺复兴以降西方职业作曲家音乐之外的一切音乐文化。我们傲视一切。我们傲慢,因为我们无知。中国的音乐学院作曲系,中国的学院系统作曲家,20世纪80年代以先,仰慕并追随西方19世纪,之后,仰慕并追随西方20世纪。总结别人干了什么,猜测别人正在干什么、将要干什么。我们写作的音乐,总体上而论,无非西方音乐格局里头的"中国音乐"。换句话讲,迷执西式作曲家为摹本,走不出"总结"与"猜测"的樊笼,我们就只能"创作"西方音乐的中国版本,永远在后头亦步亦趋,永远不可能有真正意义的建树。
  12. 瞿小松:歌剧前景:中国作曲家的机会
    2006/12/12 | 阅读: 2273
    “我体会,无论中西,古往今来引发艺术变化的,不是非怎样不可,而是它可能会怎样。生为中国人的作曲家、戏剧家应该感到幸运。这里头大大的天地,若能真正立足于中国戏曲的根本,立足于中国文字艺术及中国文字声音的根本,必有真建树。乐意舒舒坦坦继续过西方瘾的,也是自己喜好,由不得他人。”瞿小松最近一直强调摆脱西方音乐的阴影笼罩,然而这对这批中国作曲家来说,这有多么难,甚至从他们的作品集中就可以看出,许多作品其实都是由国外委托或约稿写出的。--人文与社会
  13. 瓦尔特:布鲁克纳与马勒
    2009/08/22 | 阅读: 1603
    著名指挥家谈两位作曲家。中译供参考,有英文。
  14. 王西麟:他们的批判精神丧失了
    2008/08/17 | 阅读: 2787
    2005年初,《人民音乐》杂志第一期刊发了北京歌舞团作曲家王西麟写的一篇长达万言的评论文章《由〈夜宴〉〈狂人日记〉到对“第五代”作曲家的反思》,文中由于对以郭文景、谭盾、陈其钢等在国际上获得成功的“第五代”作曲家只关注风花雪月、缺乏历史责任感提出批评。郭文景、陈其钢等也作出了自己的回应。本周我们将对这次争论进行专题回顾。
  15. 王衡:bel canto的声乐传统和意大利声乐风格的演变
    2012/12/20 | 阅读: 2227
    如同中文"美声"一词一样,bel canto有时也存在广义和狭义的词义模糊性。
  16. 洪芳怡:毛毛雨之后:老上海流行音乐文化中的异国情调
    2009/09/06 | 阅读: 2433
    在保守与解放、传统与现代化、顺从与浪荡、家庭与爱情的单选题上,老上海流行音乐的答案是全选。
  17. 洛秦:音乐人类学的历史回顾与发展趋势展望(摘要)
    2007/01/30 | 阅读: 1754
    “2001年第7版的《新格罗夫音乐与音乐家词典》“音乐学”条目开篇中对音乐学性质给予了新的界定,提出音乐学研究不仅针对音乐自身而且应该包括与之相关的社会和文化环境中的音乐人的行为。而且,音乐学的研究视角已经从对音乐作为产品而转向为关注包括作曲家、表演者和音乐消费者在内的音乐活动的过程。音乐学的这种新趋势在极大的程度上受到了社会科学的影响,特别是人类学、民族学、语言学、社会学和其他文化研究的影响下所发生的。”
  18. 欧阳江河:舒伯特
    2007/02/10 | 阅读: 2195
    欧阳江河最新诗作,以《舒伯特》为题。并不是只有乐器演奏者或者作曲者才能对音乐进行诠释,诗人和作家的敏感往往带给我们新的视角,更何况诗本来就是某种音乐。--Humanities.cn
  19. 柯沁夫:“潮尔”汉语音译的规范问题
    2013/07/04 | 阅读: 1648
    "潮尔"一词本身就有多种不同涵义: (1)在蒙古语中,原是两个或两个以上的声音同时鸣响之意,取意于自然界的共鸣、回响之声; (2)蒙古族多种带持续低音的复音音乐的统称为潮尔,泛指浩林潮尔(呼麦)、潮林哆(合唱)、冒顿潮尔(胡笳)、托布秀儿(二弦弹拨潮尔)、乌塔顺潮尔(二弦弓弦潮尔)等; (3)专指各类潮尔音乐的持续低音; (4)专指弓弦乐器乌塔顺潮尔,简称"潮尔"。
  20. 林彦:红歌的音乐形式与尊严政治
    2011/09/07 | 阅读: 2593
    红歌曾经有过的巨大的动员力仰赖于多重的基础,而今天的流行歌曲在表面的多样化之下,却倾向于成为对西方音乐工业品的单向模仿。红歌在今天所遭遇的困境不仅仅是一种音乐形式的困境,更源自一整套实践原则与支撑它的体制和社会关系的衰落。今天中国的城乡关系和社会生活与红歌的繁盛期相比已经有了巨大的变化,红歌要重获生命力,必须在全新的社会语境下重新建立与人民日常生活的有机联系。
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