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2003年于纽约建立的eVolo建筑论坛主要推广方法之一就是举办建筑设计比赛，从06－08年比赛中心都是摩天楼设计，奖金很低，一等奖也就2000美元，网站也不是那么多人访问，但其褒扬的设计风格与贵阳花溪CBD风一脉相承，乍看某些渲染成暮色的电脑绘画，略有人与机器发生战斗的世界末日即将来临的感觉。--人文与社会

环保不应该沦为名牌的昂贵表皮。

在城市体系中数量较多的地级城市，在城市化与城市现代化的大潮中，城市的模样与味道越来越相像了。

本文简要介绍了江苏小城镇的发展对土地利用的积极意义，具体分析了小城镇发展过程中土地利用方面存在的问题，最后针对问题提出相应的对策和建议。

日前，深圳中心区ShenZhen 4 Tower in 1项目已确定由美国著名建筑师斯蒂芬•霍尔(Steven Holl)担任总设计。ShenZhen 4 Tower in 1将围绕着OMA07年设计的深圳证券交易所设计四栋大楼。最终确定设计名单中大牌云集：Morphosis（普立兹克奖得主）、Coop Himmelblau、Hans Hollein Atelier和张永和，还有一位大牌MVRDV则出现在落选名单中。这个超豪华阵容让人不禁要问：这个不算太大的商业区有必要出现这么多的顶级设计师吗？

曾留学日本的李大钊，目睹近代日本城市化的进程，对日本城市的繁华与弊病有真切的观感与思考。在此基础上，他思考了近代中国城市建设的诸多问题，提出了推进中国城市建设的具体构想。

比尔堡(Bilbao，毕尔巴鄂)曾是西班牙北部巴斯克地区一个衰败了的工业港口，除了足球队以外无可称道。1990年代，巴斯克地区的自治权使得15亿美元的投资成为可能，Gehry, Foster, Pelli, Sterling, Wildford, Pei, Soriano, Palacio 和 Calatrava等著名建筑师在此对城市进行改造。其中Gehry的古根海姆博物馆设计最为著名，值得注意的是，建造古根海姆的经费只是100万美元。－－人文与社会

2009年3月17日，蔡国强来到欧洲另外一个航海强国西班牙的著名港口城市毕尔堡，那个远远驶来的东方人的身影，现在已经成为毕尔堡古根海姆博物馆（Guggenheim Bilbao）盛大回顾展的主角。这是他的全球回顾展在纽约、北京之后的第三站，也是最后一站的展览。

张开济是建设部于１９９０年第一批公布的国家级建筑大师，也是获得首届“梁思成建筑奖”的建筑大师之一。他主持设计了革命历史博士物馆、钓鱼台国宾馆、北京天文馆、北京科普展览馆四大馆，还有天安门观礼台等。张开济以天地为背景，以砖瓦、水泥、石头、土木为材料，完成了一件件宏伟的作品。这些作品将延续着他的思想，他的情感，他的智慧，他的灵魂，乃至他的生命。面对已年近９０的张开济也许你不由会问，在这些建筑设计中，您最满意的是哪一个呢？

平江路已经是古城中最后的保存着原样的街区，也已经是最后的仅存的能够印证我们关于古城记忆的街区了。

王澍，1963年生，1997年，他在杭州创立了业余建筑工作室，2000年获上海同济大学建筑城规学院建筑学博士。现任杭州中国美术学院教授，博士生导师，中国美术学院建筑艺术学院院长。

对话城市。目前这个版本只有1.俞孔坚演讲《“大脚”走向生态城市》（概述），3.刘家琨演讲《需要建设的不仅是房子》（概述），4.韩寒发言《汽车与现代城市生活》，5.陈丹青演讲《都市生活与人的品质》和发言后对话。以下内容待收录：2.贾樟柯演讲《河流与时间：传统江南风景的当代理解》。孙继伟为上海嘉定区区长，有回应。

很多情况下，包工头自己也是一个工资和利润被拖欠的对象。在现代包工体制下，管理责任下放到包工头一级的做法将建筑工人推入了一种被遮蔽的劳资关系中。一方面，传统的社会关系，为劳资关系盖上了一层温情脉脉的面纱，一定程度上消解了工人的反抗；另一方面，遮蔽了的劳资关系像一剂慢性毒药，在资本贪婪的追求剩余价值的过程中，不断腐蚀并破坏传统的社会信任体系。

The world's tallest skyscraper will open soon in Dubai, even as the emirate continues to be battered by the financial crisis. Is Burj Dubai an expression of failed megalomania or proof of Dubai leader Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum's stunning vision?The view is clear, the air is soft and silky, and only a thick strip of red separates the sky and the sea at sundown. The boundary between grandeur and kitsch becomes blurred here, halfway up the Burj Dubai, the world's tallest tower.It smells of paint, varnish and new leather, and the steps of female visitors on parquet and marble produce an elegant-sounding echo that suddenly disappears when they step onto soft carpets. An artificial island in the shape of a palm tree is visible to the southwest, and farther to the north is a man-made archipelago that looks like a map of the world.But only the furniture, the carpets, the smells and the sounds are real. The rest is an illusion. The visitor isn't gazing out at the Persian Gulf from 400 meters (1,312 feet) up in the air; in fact, he or she is standing at ground level -- in a model apartment with an enormous mural stretched outside its floor-to-ceiling windows -- at the foot of a hermetically sealed building.The model apartment is located at the recently closed sales office of Emaar Properties, the real estate development company behind the Burj Dubai, which has over-extended itself -- with projects from India to Morocco -- and is now selling some of its condominiums at half the list price. After falling by 32 percent in last two weeks, Emaar's stock price gained 15 percentage points again last Thursday. Emaar, like the entire city, is on the brink of ruin, and yet it behaves as if nothing has happened.Dubai, like no other place in the world, epitomizes globalization, "innovation" and "astonishing progress," as US President Barack Obama said admiringly in his speech to the Muslim world in Cairo in June. But it also stands for mind-boggling excess. In Dubai, utopias almost feel real sometimes, and reality is sometimes nothing but a mirage.The tower, at any rate, is real. With its 160 habitable stories, it juts 818 meters (2,683 feet) into the sky. Tourists have to kneel down on the sidewalk to photograph the building in its entirety, from base to tip.The Burj Dubai is so tall that Bedouins can see it from their oases 100 kilometers (63 miles) inland and sailors can see it from their supertankers, 50 nautical miles out in the Gulf -- at least on the few winter days when the air is as clear as it's portrayed on the mural in front of the model apartment window.The tower is so enormous that the air temperature at the top is up to 8 degrees Celsius (14 degrees Fahrenheit) lower than at the base. If anyone ever hit upon the idea of opening a door at the top and a door at the bottom, as well as the airlocks in between, a storm would rush through the air-conditioned building that would destroy most everything in its wake, except perhaps the heavy marble tiles in the luxury apartments. The phenomenon is called the "chimney effect."AN ARMY OF IMMIGRANT WORKERSAn army of immigrant workers from India, Pakistan and Bangladesh, who make up about two-thirds of Dubai's residents, built the Burj. Only one in five residents is considered a "local" entitled to a United Arab Emirates passport. Scores of marketing strategists take steps to ensure that no one scrapes away at the silver varnish of this architectural marvel.Security guards quickly remind anyone who comes too close to the construction site of the meaning of the word "unauthorized." Those who are invited to tour the building, or even just the grounds, are required to sign a non-disclosure agreement, the terms of which are to be obey "finally, irrevocably and unconditionally." Anyone who violates the terms can expect to face a judge in Dubai.All of this will apply for only a little more than two weeks, until Jan. 4, 2010, the official opening date -- already rescheduled several times -- when the developers hope that the tower will begin serving its purpose as a magnet for a two-square-kilometer new development zone, where the wind was still blowing empty plastic bags across the desert sand only five years ago. And when the Burj Dubai opens, it will likely be one of the last major projects for some time in a city that has risen to dizzying heights and now faces the prospect of a precipitous fall.On a single day, Tuesday of last week, prices on Dubai's stock exchange fell by an average of 6 percent. The Islamic bond issued by real estate developer Nakheel fell to 52 cents a share, at a face value of $1 per share. The rating agency Moody's downgraded six other government-related firms to junk status. Hardly anyone believes that Dubai World, the largest of these companies, will be able to refinance its $26 billion debt within six months, as originally scheduled. The US bank Morgan Stanley predicts another drastic increase in the debt restructuring needs of Dubai's government-related firms to double the current level, or about $47 billion."Within a year, Dubai went from being the best-performing real estate market to one of the world's worst," writes the International Herald Tribune. Has the Persian Gulf emirate, once praised for its seemingly dazzling future, bitten off more than it can chew? Is the role model for a future-oriented Arabian Peninsula, with aspirations to become a hub of globalization between the East and the West, nothing less than a model for the future -- a failure?Ironically, it was the Wall Street Journal, standard-bearer of the West's brand of conservative capitalism, that warned against American and European arrogance and the tendency to write off the upstarts in the Gulf region and in the Third World in general. "The old centers ... view the Dubais, the Shanghais and the Rios with suspicion and with errant conviction that their models are built on foundations of sand, ready to collapse, when it was their own foundations that have proved to be weak," the paper writes. "Judging from the misguided reaction to Dubai's challenges, the past year hasn't changed those attitudes. That should make us worried, very worried, but not about Dubai."It is too early to sound the death bell for Dubai. That, at least, is the impression the sheikhs will try to make when they open the Burj Dubai in early January.A SUPREMELY ELEGANT EDIFICEStill, it would be condescending to dispute that the tower is an impressive, supremely elegant edifice, or that it is nothing less than graceful compared with the plain, cuboids from the age of functionalism or the gaudy, modern towers in places like Kuala Lumpur and Taipei.According to the tower's US architect, Adrian Smith, the floor plan, a central core surrounded by three lobes, is patterned on the blossom structure of the Hymenocallis flower, a shape that simultaneously creates more visible surface area and reduces the wind pressure acting on buildings this tall. As it tapers upward, one of the three lobes is shifted slightly backward about every eight floors, an effect that is reminiscent of an Islamic spiral minaret and provides the tower with 26 terraces. There will be an outdoor pool on one of the terraces, on the 78th floor, and the 124th floor (at 442 meters, or 1,450 feet, above sea level) will feature the world's third-highest observation deck.Uwe Hinrichs, 68, a native of the northern German city of Bremen, had already been involved in the construction of another Dubai landmark, the sail-shaped Burj-al-Arab Hotel, when he arrived on the construction site of his life in late 2004. The concrete foundation had already been poured, on top of 850 piles, driven up to 55 meters into the desert floor to support a load of 230,000 cubic meters of concrete and 31,000 tons of steel."From a construction standpoint," says Hinrichs, "the Burj Dubai is a relatively simple structure." One of the biggest challenges, according to Hinrichs, was the logistics of the project, an around-the-clock effort that lasted five years -- five years during which people, machines and material always had to be in the right place at the right time, 24 hours a day. Coordinating the whole thing was Hinrichs' job. His levelheaded northern German disposition proved advantageous in his position as chief coordinator, as did the fact that the people he reported to had no objection to the fact that he occassionally leaves Dubai to attend a concert in Vienna or a Rembrandt exhibition in Muscat in the neighboring country of Oman.PART 2: BAILOUTS FROM ABU DHABIIn 2004, a crew of about 2,000 people began building one floor at a time, completing an average of one per week. When interior construction entered its final phase in the fall of 2009, there were 14,000 people working on the project, people from 45 nations, speaking 35 different languages -- engineers in white helmets, security personnel in red helmets and laborers in blue helmets -- and yet there was no Babylonian linguistic confusion on the site. The workers completed a total of 95 million working hours, many at starvation wages. A skilled carpenter earned no more than €12 a day, while ordinary laborers made even less.Façade components were shipped from China, marble panels from Italy and veneers from Brazil. German companies were also involved in Burj Dubai's construction: Lopark, from the western state of North Rhine-Westphalia, supplied parquet flooring, entire football fields of it. The German branch of the US firm Guardian, based in the eastern state of Saxony-Anhalt, provided 174,000 square meters (1.8 million square feet) of solar glass. Dorma, from Ennepetal in North Rhine-Westphalia, supplied hinges and fittings. Duravit provided approximately 4,000 bidets and toilets. And Miele delivered 7,650 household appliances -- the biggest single order in the company's history. Designer Giorgio Armani bought 15,200 plates and cups from Bavarian porcelain maker Rosenthal for his hotel on the first eight floors of the building.German companies also played important roles in the development and processing of the basic core material of the Burj Dubai: concrete. Because concrete dries too quickly at daytime temperatures above 40 degrees Celsius (104 degrees Fahrenheit), the concrete was poured at night. German chemical giant BASF developed a special chemical to make the concrete more malleable initially and later rigid. Putzmeister, a maker of concrete pumps near Stuttgart, provided special high-performance pumps to pump the concrete up to the 160th floor.Quietly and uneventfully, which was entirely to Hinrichs' liking, the tower grew, floor after floor -- until June 6, 2007, when the weather service at the airport e-mailed Hinrichs a satellite image showing a cyclone that had developed over the Indian Ocean, the biggest storm ever recorded in the region, which was heading directly for the Strait of Hormuz. "That was the only day in five years," says Hinrichs, "when we had to close the construction site."The Dubai tower had already surpassed all superlatives in building history. It had overtaken the 509-meter Taipei 101 Tower as the tallest inhabited building in the world, as well as Toronto's 553-meter CN Tower as the tallest freestanding structure. Dubai had arrived at what had become the most ambitious of its goals. The city, a village of pearl divers only a generation earlier, had brought a world record back to the Middle East. For almost four millennia, the Great Pyramid of Giza (138.8 meters) was the world's tallest man-made structure, before it was overtaken by Lincoln Cathedral in England (160 meters, at the time) in 1311.TREMORSWhat could now unhinge this economic miracle on the Gulf? A terrorist attack? A new Gulf war, this time against Iran? Another earthquake, even stronger than the one that hit the region on Sept. 10, 2008?On the day of the cyclone on Sept. 10, 2008, a crane operator working 700 meters above the ground had called Hinrichs to report that it was "shaking" where he was standing. Tremors had shaken the Iranian port city of Bandar Abbas, but in Dubai, few (other than the crane operator) had even noticed.Five days later, Dubai was struck by another sort of tremor, but this one had its epicenter in New York, another city of skyscrapers. On Sept. 15, 2008, Lehman Brothers, the world's fourth-largest investment bank, filed for bankruptcy.Not just Dubai, but the West, too, had been building a tower in the years of the real estate boom, a tower of debt, which now came crashing down. But despite the vast sums of money involved in the crisis in the West, it was and largely remains a strangely abstract phenomenon. Not so in Dubai, however, which reflects the financial debacle more vividly than any other city in the world."Classic megalomania seems to have migrated from people's minds to the system itself. Nowadays the system is crazier than the people," says German philosopher Peter Sloterdijk. "That's why we, as human beings, are terribly disappointed by the course of the crisis. There was not a single colorful individual (in Europe) to make the crisis more interesting. I've never seen such an enormous conspiracy of petty bourgeoise people than at the moment."Sloterdijk may be right when it comes to the bankers, analysts and finance ministers of the West. But he apparently has never heard of Sheikh Mohammed Bin Rashid Al Maktoum, 60, a horse breeder and poet, a lover of fast powerful cars, an avid falconer and a juggler of billions. Maktoum is the ruler of Dubai and the prime minister of the United Arab Emirates. "Many leaders make promises," he said in February 2008, when the Free University of Berlin awarded him its medal of honor, "but we deliver."Maktoum had artificial islands built in the waters off his city, with names like The Palm, The World and The Universe. Not just the Free University, but the entire West was fascinated by his energy and optimism. Like the thoroughbred horses in his racing stable, he sent the most capable of his lieutenants into the orbit of globalization, and along the way they built new towers, bought ports and sent airliners out into the world.'CRISIS? WHAT CRISIS?'One real estate company after the next was founded -- Dubai Holding, Dubai Properties, Tatweer, Meraas, Sama -- and it soon became difficult to keep track of who was building what and with whose money. Apparently not even the sheikh himself was always in the know.Only about a year ago, investors were still crowding into the "CityScape Dubai" real estate convention. Former race-car driver Michael Schumacher was there, touting a skyscraper with a covered yacht berth. Nakheel, which is now in very dire financial straits, was seriously talking about the possibility of building a 1,000-meter tower. And, on the palm-shaped Jumeirah island, Dubai spent $20 million on fireworks to celebrate the opening of the fairytale Atlantis Hotel. "Crisis?" the city seemed to ask, "what crisis?"A year few weeks later, one of Sheikh Mohammed's officials presented the bill: Dubai had amassed $80 billion in debt, $50 billion of which, or about two-thirds of its gross domestic product, was scheduled to mature by 2013.For a few days, the sheikh suddenly disappeared from the scene. Rumors emerged he was ill and that he was "melancholy." Then he reappeared and began to whitewash the situation, claiming that the crisis had not affected Dubai, that Dubai had actually overcome the crisis, and that Dubai and its wealthy neighbor, Abu Dhabi, were as close and inseparable as brothers.But the "brothers" from the neighboring sheikdom, with whom the Dubaians form the bulk of the United Arab Emirates, no longer wanted any part of Dubai's excesses. Abu Dhabi has 7 percent of worldwide oil reserves, and its 64-year-old emir, Sheikh Khalifa bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, is the president of the UAE, while Dubai's Sheikh Mohammed is only its premier -- and Abu Dhabi now views the prestigious activities of his relative in the neighboring emirate with growing mistrust, and probably some envy.At the beginning of the year, Abu Dhabi rescued Dubai from the worst of its problems with a $20 billion cash injection. The emirate stepped in again earlier this week, providing Dubai with an additional $10 billion in financial aid. The emirate may have abundant assets in its $500 billion sovereign wealth fund, but how much longer will it be willing to bailout its neighbor? The sheikhs of Abu Dhabi seem to prefer to spend their money on sounder, more sustainable projects, such as an emissions-free eco-city called Masdar, where the emirate plans to conduct research on projects for the post-petroleum age.In the last four weeks, the sheikh has revealed -- not always voluntarily -- how serious the crisis is and how deeply it affects him. At first, the normally restrained sheikh lost his composure and told the critical Western media to "shut up," and then he dismissed three of his closest advisers on the emirate's central financial council. A short time later, he waxed poetic when he described the crisis as "the fruit-bearing tree that becomes the target of stone-throwers."PART 3: A SYMBOL OF EARTHLY TEMPTATIONIn truth, Sheikh Mohammed, the poet-prince, has good reasons to look forward to the day when the Burj Dubai opens its doors. With one snip of the red ribbon, he will be taking up the thread of a great epic, a saga of humanity that goes well beyond the financial problems of a debt-ridden Gulf emirate. Once before, the Eastern World is said to have been the home another groundbreaking tower, in Babylon, the legendary Mesopotamian city between the Tigris and the Euphrates.Archeologists have confirmed that the Tower of Babel did indeed exist in the 3rd century B.C. They estimate that the skyscraper of antiquity was 90 meters tall, a marvel of the day, and was constructed on a platform that was 90 meters square. If this were true, the tower would have been one-ninth as tall as the latest wonder of the modern world. According to the Bible, the Tower of Babel was much more than a building, but rather a symbol of earthly temptation. "Come, let us build ourselves a city, and a tower with its top in the heavens, and let us make a name for ourselves." These words, which sound strikingly like a motto of today's rulers of Dubai, are in fact from the Book of Genesis in the Old Testament. Even today, many of the faithful believe that endeavoring to be like God is a presumption that must invariably lead to punishment.MEGALOMANIA OR A GRAND ACHIEVEMENT?Nevertheless, the excessive building of cities and towers seems to be a cross-cultural constant, a dream and nightmare alike for mankind, from the Babylonians to the heroes and villains of the present. The ruler of Dubai isn't the only one who has carried out his plans in reinforced concrete and gleaming facades.President Nursultan Nazarbayev of Kazakhstan had Astana, an entire city of monumental avenues, triumphal arches and pyramids built as his new capital, where marble contrasts with granite, buildings are topped by gigantic glass domes and, on the Bayterek Tower, every subject can place his or her hand in a golden imprint of the president's hand.In the Burmese jungle, dictatorial generals had an absurd new capital, Naypyidaw, or "Seat of the Kings," conjured up out of nothing. Yamoussoukro, the capital of Côte d'Ivoire and a memorial to the country's now-deceased first president, Félix Houphouët-Boigny, is even a step closer to the brink. The city is filled with grandiose buildings, but there are hardly any people to be seen. The Basilica of Notre Dame de la Paix is a piece of lunacy inspired by the Basilica of St. Peter in the Vatican, but the African church is even bigger than St. Peter's. Indeed, it is the world's largest Catholic church.It is easy to ridicule the megalomaniacs and their hubris and to rail against the record-breaking mania reflected in their ostentatious buildings, phallic symbols of the rise to power of nouveau-riche potentates.And yet, aren't Brasilia and Canberra, the South American and Australian versions of the man-made model city, remarkable successes? Hasn't history proven at least a few visionaries right, people whose achievements we continue to marvel at today: the creators of Giza on the Nile, Machu Picchu in the Andes and Angkor in Cambodia, or the planners of St. Petersburg?Today, the pyramids of the pharaohs, the mountain fortress of the Incas and the sacral ruins of the Khmer are admired as part of the world's cultural heritage, places that attest to man's greatness. They are the great and magnificent achievements of past eras. Nowadays, the center of St. Petersburg -- designed on the drawing board, like Dubai today, more than 300 years ago -- is still considered an ideal city and an example of successful urban planning.Where the emirates are built on sand, the banks of the Neva River were once swampland. At the behest of the czar, St. Petersburg was not just created as Russia's window to the West, but as a reflection of what the modernists of the day defined as utopian. "Now, city of Peter, stand thou fast, Foursquare, like Russia; vaunt thy splendor! The very element shall surrender And make her peace with thee at last," Alexander Pushkin, the congenial poetic counterpart to Peter the Great, wrote in his poem "The Bronze Horseman." It was pure hubris, cast in the form of magnificent verse.What happens today in Dubai -- or in Shanghai or Astana -- generally happens under the conditions of an authoritarian form of government. In democracies, people cannot be dispossessed and driven off their property but, instead, can hire attorneys to assert their rights. In democracies, more or less reasonable building codes and ordinances, as well as licensed appraisers, ensure that uncontrolled growth and injustices are kept in check. But this limiting effect also applies to creativity, spontaneity and "positive" megalomania, resulting in a general leveling of things.THE VIRTUE OF TAKING THE PLUNGE"This society is mediocre," the poet and sharp-tongued contemporary critic Hans Magnus Enzensberger once wrote about German reality. "Its political leaders and its works of art are mediocre, as are its representatives and its taste, its joys, its opinions, its architecture, its media, its fears, vices and afflictions." And then, in his essay "Mediocrity and Delusion," Enzensberger writes: "There is something cathartic about this realization."Somewhere between Western suburbs and Yamoussoukro lies Dubai. Whether its Burj, its tower, will ever become a part of the world's cultural heritage is still open, as is the question of how long it will remain the world's tallest structure. China, Saudi Arabia and Kuwait are already planning towers that will be much taller than the Burj Dubai, reaching more than 1,000 meters into the sky.In the Book of Isaiah, the Bible describes the fall of Babel as follows: "And suddenly your downfall will come, and it will come unexpectedly." If the words of the Old Testament are to be believed, the megalomaniacal tower builders of today cannot expect external support: "Thus shall they be unto thee with whom thou hast labored, even thy merchants, from thy youth: They shall wander every one to his quarter; none shall save thee."The Burj Dubai was not cheap, and perhaps it was even unaffordable. But at least the sheikhs of Dubai have taught their contemporaries one virtue: the virtue of taking the plunge.

我国的城中村与19世纪西方的贫民窟具有较多相似性，二者都是以进城农民为主的流动人口低成本居住区。简要比较19世纪前后西方国家的贫民窟问题与当前国内的城中村问题，指出城中村问题将具有长期性，社会问题和流动人口问题是解决城中村问题的关键。

根据史学家的资料，中国古典园林起源于房前屋后的果木蔬圃。园、囿这些文字由象形文字演化而来，外围的方框表示一定的边界或墙垣，方框内则表示栽培植物或蓄养动物。而在西方，景观设计师也主要来源农场主、牧场主。可以说，生产是景观的最早的功能。在中国，五、六十年代也曾出现过"园林结合生产"的运动。而在当今快速的城市化之下，大量的农田被蚕食，残存在城市中的农业也一度被认为是阻碍城市发展的隐患。当景观的生产性功能再一次被强调，为了避免重蹈历史的错误，我们应该以怎样的态度来看待生产性景观呢？

编者按：程绪珂，出生于1922年，1945年毕业于金陵大学，上海市建委科技委名誉顾问、教授级高级工程师，曾任上海市园林管理局局长、上海市绿化委员会副主任，离休后着重研究园林绿化走生态化途径这一重大课题，曾两次获得建设部科技进步二等奖和三等奖，并获得全国绿化奖章，享受国务院特殊津贴。日前，记者就生态园林这一主题登门采访了她。 　　她，博闻强识，子承父业，投身园林奋斗64载，至今不辍。她，在特殊年代，虽身陷囹圄，仍苦苦求索事业困境的破解之路。她，高举生态园林的旗帜，坦荡荡地接受异议和质疑，凭着坚韧与魄力，为上海今天的绿化格局奠定了扎实的理论和实践基础。然而，在与笔者交谈过程中，88岁高龄的她强调最多的一句话却是：“我只是沧海一粟，我只是集体中的一员。”她，就是原上海市园林管理局首任局长、我国著名园林专家程绪珂。 　　记　者：从20世纪70年代起，您就致力于生态园林的研究。这一研究的源起是什么？ 　　程绪珂：其实我并不是第一个提出生态园林理论的人。我父亲解放初期在课上就曾提出过城市园林建设要以生态学理论为指导，但当时并没有引起重视。文革期间，园林事业跌到了谷底，我也被迫离开了园林岗位。那时我脑子里就琢磨一个问题：“为什么每当开展政治运动时，园林老是挨批？明明是业务上的事为什么偏偏扯到政治？”我把父亲的言传身教与自己20多年的实践仔仔细细地梳理总结，终于找出了一个答案：以往园林绿化有一个重要误区就是单纯为了好看好玩，属于装饰性的，因此被贴上了“城市美容师”的标签，而没有认识到园林的生态功能，所以事业越做越小。后来，我重新回到岗位，阅读了大量的国内外资料，看到园林绿化已列为环境建设之一，并有了较大发展，更坚定了自己的想法和加快研究的紧迫感。 　　与程绪珂一样经历过那段特殊的岁月的园林人都在深刻思索着园林的过去与未来，“生态园林”理念的萌发，如石入湖心，激起了层层涟漪。1986年5月，中国园林学会城市园林与园林植物两个学术委员会在温州市联合举行“城市绿化系统、植物造景与城市生态问题”学术研讨会，会上正式提出了生态园林概念。此后，《生态园林论文集》（1990）和《生态园林论文续集》（1993）陆续出版。程绪珂在两本论文集中都发表了对生态园林建设任务、目标、标准等内容的专论，并提出生态园林建设的6种类型：观赏型、环保型、保健型、知识型、生产型和文化环境型。 　　记　者：那时上海是一种什么反应？ 　　程绪珂：我的一篇关于生态园林的讲稿被《中国日报》刊登，当时上海副市长倪天增看到这篇文章，叫我在上海区、县长绿化会议上讲生态园林，并且当即决定在普陀区和黄浦区的一些居住区率先开展试点。 　　1989年，在倪副市长的支持下，上海市绿化委员会和上海市园林管理局将“生态园林研究与实施”列为科研课题，在居住区、庭院、工厂、绿地等地搞了26处试点，并设立了11个巡查点，注重景观与功能结合，强调环境的使用性、活动性、观赏性和保健性。1990年国务院发展研究中心国际技术经济研究所上海分所主办了全国生态园林研讨班。此后，越来越多的专家学者加入到生态园林的研究队伍中来，像天津、石家庄、宁波、中山等一些城市也进行了实践探索。 　　记　者：生态园林的核心要解决什么问题？ 　　程绪珂：生态园林建设的核心就是保护环境，实现人与自然的和谐发展。尽管生态园林到现在也没有一个统一的定义，但我个人认为生态园林是继承和发展传统园林的经验，遵循生态学的原理，建设多层次、多结构、多功能、科学的植物群落，建立人类、动物、植物相联系的新秩序，达到生态美、科学美、文化美和艺术美。以经济学为指导，强调直接经济效益、间接经济效益并重，应用系统工程发展园林，使生态、社会和经济效益同步发展，实现良性循环，为人类创造清洁、优美、文明的生态环境。 　　记　者：这对园林人来说是个不小的挑战，您的解决途径有哪些？ 　　程绪珂：生态园林建设必须要把环境保护事业和园林绿化事业同党和国家的利益紧密联系起来。我们的园林工作者一定要打破旧的思想框框。第一，要打破唯观赏论。园林是城市发展不可或缺的有生命的基础设施。园林工作者要以生态观念来规划园林，大力开展低碳、碳汇植物群落的研究，为后代留下清洁的环境；第二，要打破“城市围墙”，坚定地走城乡绿化一体化的道路。城市经济是强势，生态是弱势，农村经济是弱势，生态是强势。在加强城区绿化建设同时，必须依托农村高质量的生态环境，通过城乡之间的绿色廊道，缓解城区的热岛效应和污染压力；第三，要打破狭隘的园林植物观。凡是植物，不论是蔬菜、果树、药材还是粮食都可以为我们园林所用，尤其是木本油料类的能源植物和其它具有生产功能的植物，更要引起我们园林工作者的重视；第四，要打破以往园林光有生态效益和社会效益，没有经济效益的形象。 　　绿地属于特殊的社会公共商品，会产生直接和间接经济效益。科学地进行绿化效益计算，比如像绿色GDP这类衡量城市生态水平的指标，能为城市管理者提供更有力的价值分析和决策支持。只有把生态、社会和经济紧紧结合起来，我们的园林事业才会越走越开阔，越干越光明。 　　1992年，国家园林城市创建活动在全国铺开。2004年，建设部在创建国家园林城市的基础上提出了创建国家生态园林城市的目标，并印发了《关于创建“国家生态园林城市”实施意见的通知》，而且只有获得“国家园林城市”称号的城市才能申报“国家生态园林城市”。“两个创建”得到了全国各省市政府的积极响应，深圳引人瞩目地成为首个示范城市。 　　记　者：您觉得可不可以跳过“园林城市”直接进入“生态园林城市”的创建？两个创建之间是一种什么关系？ 　　程绪珂：人均公共绿化面积、绿地率、绿化覆盖率是“园林城市”的硬指标，强调城市的绿量，为绿化基础薄弱的城市提供了一个明确的量化目标，为以后打好底子。“生态园林城市”是人和自然和谐发展的城市。建筑要向绿色建筑发展、城市经济要向循环经济发展、基础设施要向整体综合发展、城市环境要向生态景观发展、城市社会要向生态文化发展。“生态园林城市”的评估更注重城市生态环境质量，与“园林城市”的评比标准相比，增加了衡量一个地区生态保护、生态建设与生态恢复水平的综合物种指数、本地植物指数、城市热岛效应程度、公众对城市生态环境的满意度等评估指标。 　　我认为，两个创建是递进累积的关系，他们的共同目标是建设生态城市。生态城市是社会和谐、经济高效、环境良好，三者循环促进的人类居住形式的高级阶段。它的建设不可能一蹴而就，在时间上需要分解成逐步逼近的不同阶段，在空间上需要重视示范效应，不能一哄而起。城市可以带着生态园林城市的目标来创建园林城市，高标准地要求自己，将园林与农林大环境结合起来，制定广义的绿化系统规划。城市的管理者要有这种预见性。 　　记　者：通过不懈努力，2004年，寸土寸金的上海获得了“国家园林城市”的称号，尤其在中心区绿化方面取得了有目共睹的成绩，为特大型都市的可持续发展找到了一个突破口。有人说那是因为上海市“家底厚”，您怎么看？您觉得上海最有价值的经验是什么？ 　　程绪珂：这个跟家底厚不厚没多大关系，重要的是上海改善城市环境的决心，实事求是的态度和科学发展观的落实。典型的代表是2001年开放的上海延中绿地，目前是市中心面积最大的公共绿地，总面积达23hm2。它的建设就是为了缓解市中心越来越严重的热岛效应，可以说是“形势所迫”。为了跟踪绿地的降温降噪效果，园林部门设置了监测仪进行长期观察，取得了很多有价值的数据，为工作的顺利推进奠定了基础。 　　记　者：上海有没有走过弯路？ 　　程绪珂：大家都常说上海是个“海纳百川”的地方。的确如此。上海人欢迎新的理念、新的做法，吸收起来也快，但不是简单的照抄。在几十年的发展中，当然也走过一些弯路。刚刚改革开放那时，大家都出国去学习而且想搞些新东西，那时刮起了“巴洛克风”和“草坪风”，后来又是“大树进城风”、“彩叶树风”等等。但上海园林界很注意反省、总结这些实践的对错。一些不好的做法自己慢慢修正或者改掉了，因此总体上是健康有序的。 　　我想重点谈谈“大树进城”。我同意种大树，但我不赞成挖别人的山头滥用野生植物资源、破坏别人的生态来满足自己环境的做法。这既违背了城乡绿化一体化的方向，而且胸径在十几厘米的树苗几年后比外地搬来的“砍头树”实际表现也更好。在工厂、道路改造过程中有许多能够再利用的大树，我们可以通过专门部门储备起来，还有就是从正规的集约化生产苗木基地定购大树，这些都是可取的做法。在上海的市政工程中还是比较注意这点。而一些开发商为了尽快把楼盘卖出去，搞速成景观，廉价从外地挖大树，又缺乏科学的养护手段，使得大树的成活率就更低了。这种为了片面追求经济利益，牺牲生态和社会效益的做法十分令人心痛！好在，大家现在对这一点都有重新认识。 　　记　者：上海下一步的目标放在哪里？ 　　程绪珂：按照联合国对于生态城市的要求绿化覆盖率要在50%，人均绿化90m2。上海要达到这些指标需要经过相当长期的努力奋斗。因此，在上海城市总体规划修编时，根据自己的实际情况，提出了建立“生态型城市”的目标，作为向生态城市努力的阶段性目标，而没有盲目地提出要建立“生态城市”。所谓“型”，就是式样、类型、模子的意思。 　　这一战略目标的实施时限为5 0 年， 分三个阶段：第一阶段从2001-2010年，5年建框架，5年创国内领先，基本达到清洁、优美、舒适的目标，其中绿化前5年达到国家园林城市，后5年构建创建生态园林城市的框架；第二阶段是2011-2030年，求质变、上台阶，实现经济、社会、生态环境的协调发展，其中2020年绿化基本达到生态园林城市标准；第三阶段从2031-2050年，资源高置换化，产业高效益化，流通高节能化，环保高质量化，绿化高功能化，社会高祥和化，管理高现代化。 　　记　者：20多年前，您曾预言过园林发展的方向，一是生态学原理和实践的引入与结合；二是包括生物工程、计算机等新技术在园林上的应用。现在这些已经成为普遍的共识。您能否再谈谈对未来园林发展的判断？ 　　程绪珂：思想还要再解放。世界那么大，考虑问题要广，不要狭隘。北京最近在提“广义的绿地系统”，很科学，符合生态观念。它把农林、江河湖海山等自然资源都包括在内，同时避免了与农争地、与林争地的情况。因此说，思想观念要改变，总是老一套不行。 　　此外，植物群落功能要在定性的基础上做更多的量化分析，例如哪些植物在一起能最大地发挥汇碳功能，哪些植物配在一起能最好地发挥降温作用，哪些可以对人体的心、肝、目等部位有好处。这些我们跟华东师范大学和复旦大学合作对100多种植物开展过研究，投入了大量的人力物力，但还远远不够。植物材料是建设生态园林持续发展的主体，如何更合理、科学地做好植物造景，还有许多工作。这也是科学发展观在园林行业的反映。 　　我们要有自然资本储备概念。自然资本由资源、生命系统和生态系统构成，而且目前在以一种前所未有的速度不断衰退。生态园林建设在城市中承担着创造人工“第二自然”的重任，它所创造的生态效益是自然资本的储备。 　　未来园林还应该在传承文化方面下更大功夫。现在很多城市都开始有意识地强化自己的地域文化，园林是文化的重要载体之一。但目前有的设计手法比较生硬，符号多，底蕴浅。台北植物园潘国俊博士将《诗经》中提到的植物收集起来，在“诗经植物区”中展览，自然科学与古典文学能融为一体。游人既能品味诗句，又能了解植物的形态和历史，一举多得，寓教于乐。这种动脑子的做法，值得借鉴。 　　程绪珂一生主编、撰写的书稿众多。1984年陈俊愉院士与她共同主编的《中国花经》，历时8年完成，有“中国花卉百科全书”之美誉，至今仍是国内花卉专著方面不可逾越的一座高峰。随后又用8年时间主编了《中国野生花卉图谱》。2006年她的再一本8年之作，与胡运骅共同编写的《生态园林的理论与实践》出版。该书获得国家科学技术学术著作出版基金，并获2006首届全国“三个一百”原创科技图书奖。鲜为人知的是，程绪珂在这本书的编写过程中一度陷入左眼失明的病情。为了能完成这本书，八十多岁的她“豁出去”接受了激光治疗。 　　记　者：您是“三个8年三本书”。现在您的健康状况如何？能否再跟我们的读者聊聊《生态园林的理论与实践》这本书的情况？ 　　程绪珂：身体不太好，但上海有好的展览之类的活动，我还会跟老朋友一起去看看。对于《生态园林的理论与实践》这本编了8年的书，我想说，它是在动态实践中摸索着写出来的，能够顺利出版完全是依靠了全国几十位业内同行无私地贡献了自己的专长和才能，也使我进一步认识到集体力量的伟大。在编写这本书之前，我去了三四十个城市参观学习，跟同行们探讨生态园林；编写过程中，又得到了许多鼓励和支持，因此说，它是集体智慧的结晶。 　　尽管这本书获得了一些荣誉，但与现在的形势仍然有距离，不是十全十美的，仅仅是生态园林理论与实践的开头。现在我们都年纪大了，但事业的发展不能因人的轮换而更换，理论与实践总是在不断发展，希望我们的中青年一辈园林人能与时俱进，继续事业，沿着这条“自然之道”走下去。 　　记　者：再次感谢您接受我们的采访，也祝愿您身体健康！

社会住宅的关键不在于它的福利性质，而在于它以公共化策略补足住宅高度市场化之后的不足。但这个公共化不应该是国家监控的机制，而应该是小区营造的过程。社会住宅包括居民的参与过程，让社会住宅成为可以涵养多元社群的土壤

密斯·凡·德罗为1929年巴塞罗那博览会建的德国馆仅存在5个月，没吸引很多注意，但被拆除25年后被誉为大师杰作，于1985-86年间在巴塞罗那重建。

2008年，因一起在巴黎开会，我有机会和天大建筑系的王其亨先生聊谈。第一次听王先生讲课，记得是在20年前，他来南工建筑系讲座，题目是明十三陵的风水研究。具体内容我记不清了，但有一张图我记忆良深，那张图在309教室用幻灯打出，应是出自宫廷档案，风水形势用密集而确定的位置标明，画法是平面和立体的结合。他确认了我的一个认识，即中国的东西，无论是风水还是相关的山水绘画之类，都不能笼而统之泛泛谈论。风水图的深邃在于其有着细密的法则与规定，并且是以某种特殊的方式被系统量化了的，但这种法则与量化，并不以失去面对自然事物的直观判断为代价。从感觉上说，由于我长年熟悉书法与山水绘画，对那张图的形式状态并不觉得异常。  20年里。我再没见过王其亨先生，但知道近年他一直致力于清宫“样式雷”图纸档案的整理研究。对这件事，我自然抱持很大兴趣，因为我不相信传统中国的建筑学用一句“工匠营造”就可以一笔带过，至少，明清苏州工匠出名，就缘于他们既画设计图纸，也制模型，业主因此可以确切地表达意图，而不被匠师随便左右。  和先生相见，很是一见如故，就如昨日刚刚聊过，今日再叙。我就问他“样式雷”的研究现状，他说这批资料于清末飘散四处。重拾后编序全乱，要整理清楚，上万件的图纸恐怕还需十年，但他相信一定可以整理清楚，由此，我们可以知道传统建筑的设计过程。我又提起“十三陵”风水，先生就意趣盎然，回忆当年如何在昌平山间爬山涉水。  先生善谈，语及众多，但有一点我印象特深，以先生的研究，当年每处皇陵选位，涉及周围广大山水范围，都是几易方案，反复论证，几易其位的。面对现场，详勘现场，先提出假设，再仔细酌别验证，这与其说是神秘直观，不如说是一种严格的科学态度。问题是，这种假设的出发点并非自闭的分析理性，而在于一种确信，即自然的山川形态影响着人的生存状态与命运。由长期经验从自然中观照出的诸种图式，和这种先验的自然格局有可能最大限度的相符。因此，相关的思维与做法不是限于论辩，而是一种面对自然的，关于图式与验证的叙事。或者说，与文学不同，这是关于营造活动本身的叙事。这种验证，不仅在于符合，也可以对自然根据“道理”进行调整修正，它必然涉及一种有意义的建造几何学，但显然不是西人欧几里德几何，毋宁说是一种自然形态的叙事与几何。  按这条思维的脉络，必然谈到了园林。于是我听到王其亨先生谈起这些年他带学生参与北京皇家苑囿修缮的一些事，进而推及“自然美”这个话题，说到西人原本并无“自然美”观念，和“自然美”有关的事物是17世纪由耶稣会教士带回欧洲的。这些耶稣会教士也在欧洲建造了一些“中国式”假山，当时，欧洲人对这些形状奇异的假山的反应是“恐怖的”。  我们一路从巴黎聊到了马赛，谈了很多，至今大多已记不得了，但用“恐怖的”一词来描绘中国园林中的堆山的反应，我印象特深。它让我回想起2002年第一次看北宋郭熙《早春图》原大高仿印刷版本的反应，那样陌生与疏远，是看小幅插图所没有感到过的。那种螺旋状盘桓曲折的线条，它所包围的空间深邃，成一种既自足又无限延展的结构，我脱口而出的反应是：如此的巴洛克。有意思的是，当我写下这段文字时，突然意识到，我无论如何回忆不起《早春图》上画的是树还是石头，但肯定，图上只描绘了一种事物，以图名推断，画的应该是树，但我的回忆里却更近于石头，非常类似太湖石的形态，或者说，非常类似生物器官的形态。这种内心的震惊与其说是心理性的，不如说是纯粹物质性的，一种陌生的物质性。  只就“形态”来讨论审美，我一向是回避的，这种讨论很容易掉入心理学的范畴和文学修饰，我甚至从来就不提“审美”二字。当我用“巴洛克”一词对应《早春图》时，也无意于掉入中国传统的西方传统的比较，这类比较已经成为中国建筑师空泛的习惯。我的反应是本能的，在更基本更具体细致的层面，这类相似性的差别让我想起明代人对同时代画家陈老莲的评价，老莲画的屈原，无目的游荡在荒原之中，人物被变形拉高，笔法如画园林中常见的高细瘦孤的山石，老莲自叙说其画学自古法，时人的评价是：奇怪而近理。需要注意的是，同一题材，老莲会在一生中反复画几十幅。我体会，“古法”二字并不是今天“传统”一词的意思，它具体落在一个“法”字上，学“古法”就是学“理”，学事物存在之理，而无论山川树石，花草鱼虫，人造物事，都被等价看待为“自然事物”。  同一题材，极相似地画几十张，以今天的个性审美标准，无异于在自我重复，但我相信，老莲的执著，在于对“理”的追踪。画论中记载的“荆浩画树”是类似的事情。宋初，荆浩以画松树著名，文中记载的是他在太行山的一次写生，呆在山中数月，围绕一片奇松，反复揣摩描绘，自觉已得松树生存的道理，但一位无名老翁，指出他的理解完全是错的，并有一番论述。那番论述老生常谈，让我生疑，而我的朋友林海钟，同样擅画寒林枯木，为了印证，他亲自去太行写生一场，回来对我说，那篇文字一定是后人伪作。但我的兴趣不止于此，一个人的一生，只对画松树一件事最有兴趣，这种异常的行为就超出了“审美”，更接近于一种科学的纯粹理论研究，但这种研究，决不脱离具体的物事。它也决不直接指向人，而是以一种没有人在，似乎绝对客观的方式直面自然中的具体事物，但又不是只在物理学或生物科学的意思上。这让我想起胡塞尔的现象学教学。他让他的学生围着一棵树揣摩一个学期。他的一个学生又举一反三，围着教学楼前的一个信箱，揣摩了一个学期。实际上，人这个东西，几件事物，几张图，就足以指引他的一生。  《早春图》给我的陌生感，即是我，或者说我们，与“自然事物”疏远的距离。一种客观细致地观察事物的能力与心情的缺乏。它让我一下子回到20世纪80年代初我第一次读艾略特的《荒原》时的感觉：“我们什么也看不见，什么也记不得，什么也说不出”。  我的记忆把《早春图》上的事物与太湖石混淆，实际上就是一种视差。要看见周围的“客观事物”，就需要观法，一种决定性的视差。太湖石勾引起的是江南园林那个世界，但很长一段时间，园林我是不去的。在我眼里，明清的园林，趣味不高，样式老套。意义迟钝到几乎没有意义。过多的文学矫饰让园林脱离了直接简朴的自然事物，而令人关于园林的讨论大多是文学化的游览心理学与视觉，于我性情不合。两件事，让我有了重观园林的兴趣。其一是读童寯的关于园林的文字，我至今仍然认为，童寯之后就没有值得去读的关于园林的文字。因为童寯的园林讨论不是在解释之上追加解释，解释一件事是很容易的，童寯的文字是能提出真正的问题的。在《东南园墅》开篇，那个问题看似天真：“这么大的人怎么能住在那么小的洞中？”这个问题让我快乐。我突然看见一个世界，在那里，山石与人物等价，尺度自由转换。如果建筑学就是对人的生存空间的一种虚构，这种虚构就是和山石枯木一起虚构的，它们共享一种互通的“自然形态”，并不必然以欧几里德的几何学为基础的，建筑不必非方即圆。  第二件事，发生在1996年我在同济读书时，买到一本图书馆库存处理的英文旧书。内容是关于英国现代画家大卫•霍克涅与一位美国诗人1980年在中国的一次旅行。书是那位诗人写的，插图则都是霍克涅的旅行速写。我一向喜欢霍克涅画中的意思，印象最深的一张，描绘一个人跳入游泳池的一刹那。游泳池是水平的，池边露出一座平房的一角，笔法是轻淡的，几乎是平涂，那个跳入水中的人画的也不清楚，裹在溅起的一片白色水花之中，水花的画法如书法中的飞白。这张画没有透视，可以说在叙事，但内容如此简单，也可以说是反叙事的，可以说在表现什么，也可以说是反对表现的。那只是一种沉静日光下的视野，那个时刻是绝对的，没有任何所谓思想，或者说，那目光是从加缪笔下的“局外人”看出的，那目光在他熟悉的整个世界和生活之外。在这本书里，有一张仿中国水墨画法的桂林山水速写：画的前方是他住的宾馆阳台的水泥栏板，上面正爬着一只毛虫，色彩斑斓，下笔细微，中国画家一向爱画的桂林山水却只寥寥数笔，成了背景。这张画同样没有透视，却有一种难以言喻的纯真，感染了我。我明白了童寯在《东南园墅》一书中所强调的“情趣”二字的意思。童先生以为，不知“情趣”，休论造园。一片好的园子，好的建筑，首先就是一种观照事物的情趣，一种能在意料不到之处看到自然的“道理”的轻快视野。正是这种视野，使霍克涅关注那只毛虫的爬动，形成一种邀人进入的纯粹情景。呈现出一种以小观大，以近观远的微观地理。这种称为“情趣”的思绪，直接及物，若有若无，物我相忘，难以把捉，但是足以抵御外界的纷扰，自成生趣，并使得任何围绕“中国”、“西方”的似是而非的宏大争论变得没有意思。也许有人说霍克涅的画很有“禅境”，但我宁可回避这个用滥了的词语。  在1999年UIA北京大会青年建筑展上，我在自己的展板上写下了关于“园林的方法”的一段文字。在这里，指示出一种意识的转变，园林不只是园林，而是针对基本建筑观的另一种方法论。它的视野，正向“自然形态”的世界转移。但落在手上绘图，我很难画出非现代主义的东西。尽管以我对书法的常年临习，始终保持着和“自然形态”的联系，转化仍然是十分艰难的。在苏州大学文正图书馆，以小观大、由内外望已成一种自觉。在方正格局中，建筑没有先兆的位置扭转，互为大小的矛盾尺度，小场所不连续的细致切分，建筑开始自己互相叙事了，但语言仍然是方块和直线。  从2000年始，我每年都去苏州看园子，每次去都先看“沧浪亭”。看是需要反复磨练的。记得看到第三次，我才突然明白“翠玲珑”这组建筑对我意味着什么，就像我第一次看见它。  这座建筑单层，很小，四周为翠竹掩映。在园子游荡，经常会遗失它。即使看见，只露一角。如果不是十分热衷，也可能认不出它。即使知道，外表的细密窗格也没有披露任何内部内容。走进它一定是突然的，内部是结构十分清楚的，二次曲折，实际上是三间房子在角部衔接。接下来，连整体的空间形式都瓦解了，目光被分解到每一面墙上，每面白墙上的窗格差别只有很小的不同，外面的院墙贴得很近，竹子也贴得很近，光线是一种幽暗的明亮，如古物上褪去火气的光泽。因为曲折，人在其中是要不断转换方位的。每一次，都面对一个绝对平面的“正观”。“正观”就是大观，并不必然被物理尺度大小决定。家具的摆放决定了人面对每一个正方的端正坐姿，但曲折的空间，使从一个空间望入另一个形成一种平行四边形的展开，居正与灵动同时存在。实际上，内部空间很小，但却如此意味深远。人在其中，会把建筑忘掉，为竹影在微风中的一次颤动而心动。当我说“园林的方法”时，“翠玲珑”就是我意识到但还不清楚的建筑范型。童寯先生所说的“曲折尽致”，需要一种最简的形式，它就在这里了。  离“翠玲珑”几步，就是“看山楼”，看明白“翠玲珑”，也就明白了“看山楼”。它实际上就是垂直向度的“翠玲珑”。“看山楼”两层，下层为一石洞，但“自然形态”在这里被建筑化了。它更像一间石屋，石灰石形成的不规则小孔透入光线，这就是所谓“玲珑”。以前家里用一种景德镇出的白瓷勺，胎上扎孔，再施白釉，烧出来就成半透明的小点，也是“玲珑”。从底层上二层，就是一次曲折。见山还是不见山，登临俯瞰远望，都已“曲折尽致”了。水平与垂直，单层与多层，把“翠玲珑”和“看山楼”放在一起，就是一对完整的建筑范型。  那日，我从“翠玲珑”出来，站在“五百名贤祠”廊下回望，站了很久。一位欧洲青年走过，也站在我旁边，我就见他速写本上画着“翠玲珑”的平面草图，就问他如何认识。他说自己来自西班牙，学建筑，他觉得“翠玲珑”胜过密斯做的巴塞罗那世博会德国馆，我说“是的”。我的英文不好，不能深谈，就只对他微笑，他也对我微笑。那日空气透明，阳光分外灿烂。   “曲折尽致”，作为童寯《江南园林志》中造园三境界说的第二点，一般理解是在谈园林的总体结构。但按我的体会，园林的本质是一种自然形态的生长模拟，它必然是从局部开始的。就像书法是一个字一个字去写的，山水也是从局部画起的。对笔法的强调，意味着局部出现在总体之前。园林作为一种“自然形态”的建筑学，它的要点在于“翠玲珑”这种局部“理型”的经营。没有这种局部“理型”，一味在总平面上扭来扭去就毫无意义。“总体”一词，指的是局部“理型”之间的反应与关联。“理型”的重点在“理据”，“范型”的重点在“做”。  2004年初春，为宁波“五散房”的“残粒荷院”，我在夯土院子中画出了一个我命名为“太湖房”的小建筑。“太湖”二字，暗示了它和太湖石的自然形态有关。它实际上是一个三层小楼，平面是5mx6m长方，每层理论层高在3-4m间，垂直向上，曲折二次。把它平放，显然由“翠玲珑”变出，竖放，从如石洞的零散小孔和从室内变到室外又返回室内的楼梯，就暗含着“看山楼”与其基座石洞的“理型”结构。但这个立放的曲折体形是有向背的，它是一个动作，我称之为“扭腰”，意味出自太湖石的孤峰。整个形体按最紧的极限控制，楼梯形状与形体的纠缠，很难处理。  这种高度压缩的意识，得自拙政园一座太湖石小假山的影响，在3m立方之内，这座假山经营了三个盘旋而上却互不交叉的楼梯，全部到达顶上的小高台。而台下，暗含一个小石洞，人可以进去的一个房间。如果说远香堂面对的是一座模拟的大山，这座小假山就是人工制作的“理型”，它们大小悬殊，但性质上是等价的。只有自觉限制在3m立方这么小，才觉出“理据”的力量，它的意味就如一座大山一样。远香堂前的大山更近于东晋的朴素山水，这座小假山则出现在《早春图》那种“自然形态”的研究之后，即所谓“虽由人作，宛若天开”。限于规范，在正常的房子里，像这座小假山般高度浓缩的山体意识的太湖房，我还没做出来。  如果建筑就是以空间的方式对生活这件事进行分类叙事，“理型”的建筑意义就需要可理解的表达，如在空间中象形造字，“自然形态”的“理型”就是以物我直接纠缠的方式造字，这种工作必然有一种纯粹的系列性。在随后的香山校园山南建造中，这种研究以系列性的方式展开。同时存在十几个太湖房，它们的形状几乎完全一样，但处境各不相同。我按其各自处境作了一个分类图表；1）混凝土太湖房立于石砌高台之上；2）白粉墙太湖房成负形的洞；3）多空红砖太湖房半个嵌入墙体；4）混凝土太湖房立于门前，如计成所谓“巨石迎门”；5）混凝土太湖房立在狭窄的天井中，逼人的是混凝土纯粹的物质性；6）混凝土与木料的太湖房，立于门内庭院中，与门正对的“巨石迎门”，等等。讨论“自然形态”，材料的物质性与“理型”同样重要。这种物质性赋予“理型”一种生命的活态。未未对这事特别敏感，有一天，他到我工作室，见到13#楼南入口立面上的太湖房，就说：“这个立面怎么像某种器官？”  “翠玲珑”给我的另一个启示是，建筑若想和自然融合，就不必强调体积的外形。强调体积形式的做法是欧洲建筑师特别擅长的。“形式”，即Form这个词，指的并非只是外表审美造型，而是含有内在逻辑依据的“理型”，它显然借鉴了三维圆雕的做法。而在“翠玲珑”内，在一个简明的容积内，建筑分解为和地理方位以及外部观照对象有关的面。层次由平面层层界定。一幢平面为长方的房子，四个面可以不同。以两两相对的方式，形成由身体近处向远方延伸的秩序。作为平面定位基础的，是更大范围的山水地理地图。在象山山南13#楼及15#楼，西墙均被开有零散太湖石形状洞口的混凝土墙替代。建筑间的高密度与尺度，使这两个立面均无法完整的从正面看到，它们的完整只存在于思维印象里。外立面实际上是次要的，重要的是从内外望的视野。我们也可以说这两个立面都是从一座更大山体上切割下来，一座边界为正长方形的局部山体，理由只在轻飘飘的“情趣”二字，但是足以颠覆习常建筑语言的封闭与情性。就像我在苏州狮子林园子里常问学生的一个问题：这么小的园子里为何要放那么大的山体和水池？显然，在这种建筑学里，山水比房子重要。  在象山山南19#楼南侧，使用现浇清水混凝土，我发展了三个直接取自太湖石形态的太湖房。它们终于不再是方的了！三个，一个就是一个整体，参差不同成为系列。它们形状与方位，取决于19#楼往外望的视野，以及在一种空间压缩的意识下，人的身体如何与倾斜的墙体接触。它们的尺度尺寸，经历数十遍的细微调整，我有意不做模型，只在立面图上工作。模型做的太多，容易形成一种依赖，而这种强调人在其中的建筑，需要培养用心去想的能力，以及因局部影响整体而对细节局部有极好的记忆力。  讨论自然形态的叙事与几何，之所以在前面不冠以“建筑”的，是试图重启一种人与建筑融入自然事物的“齐物”建筑观。但讨论它，就一定要讨论园林，且主要是现存的明清园林，则几乎是一种习惯。需要经常回溯到这种意识的源头，自然形态所关乎的，不只是园林。当李渔强调“真山水”一词时，即在批判当时山水绘画作茧自缚的状态，它也直接影响着园林建造。重返山野，一直是直接进入山野的直观，另一面，是对山水绘画图像文本的追踪，因为在图像文本里，记录了对山水观法的探究。山水绘画始于东晋，按钱钟书在《管锥篇》里所言，那时的绘画显然参考了山水舆图。真正从地面视角直面的观山画法，近距离的观山画法，始于五代，盛于北宋。在我的工作室里有四张图，都是1：1足尺的高仿复制品，包括五代董源的《夏日山口待渡图》、北宋郭熙的《早春图》、范宽的《溪山行旅图》、李唐的《万壑松风图》，我经常观看揣摩。如果说2004年画出的太湖房是和孤峰小山有关，同一时期开始设计的宁波历史博物馆就是大型山体的研究，特别和上面几张画有关。  《早春图》上的“自然形态”是非常理据性的，包围着气流与虚空，自成内在逻辑，它是可以没有具体地点的。《溪山行旅图》里的大山，我在秦岭旅行时见过。从一个山谷望去，凸现在几十公里之外，浑然一团的。但范宽所用皱法与画树法，形成一种在远处不可能看见的肌理，此山犹如就在面前。画面下方的流水土丘树木，应是眼前的，却画的比远方更简略。应在远方的寺庙，又画得细节毕现。李唐那张图也是如此，满幅一座远方的大山，用笔粗犷，完全违反真实视觉。山在中部裂开，布满浓密树林，上面所施鲜艳绿色，因年代久远，如不是极好的印刷，几乎看不出来。但每根松针都可看见，也是根本不可能的景象。这种视野如同梦中，比真实更加真实。这些做法，显然是自觉到平面与空间的区别，远与近的区别，在山内和山外的区别，以一种看似矛盾的逻辑把这些经验在一张二维的纸上同时呈现，一种既在此处又不在此处的经验。  既然是二维平面，也可直接看作建筑的立面。现代主义最盛行的“理型”就是方盒子。施工产业一旦适应它，这种做法就最经济简便。方盒子的边界是二维平面，但从这些绘画做法可知，这个盒子是可以在二维前提下被瓦解的。  关于《夏日山口待渡图》，我印象最深的是水平地平线和夕阳中的光。如果这张图作为江南一带城乡的审美标准，以齐物观点，将局部树木用房屋替换，就可知道总体意向与尺度应如何控制。实际上，这张图在所观望的横向范围如此宽广，图高只有500mm左右，不算前后题跋，图长就达7m，每次看这张图，都要把最大的桌子清理出来，这张图甚至不适合作为文章的插图。后来的宁波博物馆，我有意将建筑高度压的很低，边角微跌，这种做法强调的就是向乡野延展的地平线，伸到很远，而不是建筑形体的所谓轮廓线，更不是所谓标志性。我要求建筑顶边的瓦爿砌法密集使用暗红的瓦缸片，把夕阳的辉光固定下来。