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自1948年以来，BBC每年举办里斯讲座，谈当代问题

我刚从印度回来。在印度期间，我站在美国总统奥巴马最近发表演讲的讲台上给国会议员们讲课。这个国家最近丑闻缠身，手机行业一个涉及部长级官员的巨大骗局，让一个政客敛财高达数十亿美元。

但一些议员们也惊讶地发现，原来奥巴马向他们发表演讲时使用了一台"隐形"提词机（"invisible" teleprompter）。这让听众误以为他是即席演讲的，这在印度可是一项备受推崇的技巧。

Derek Jarman最后一个feature电影的文本。

Can the UK government stop the UK banking system going down the snyrting without risking a sovereign debt crisis?

CCTV：《今日观察》栏目何帆、丁一凡谈金融危机，他们认为，“绝对地偏向市场”是导致美金融危机的致命伤，美国批评中国储蓄率太高导致美国消费率高的牵强逻辑行不通，贪婪和纵容是这次危机的根源。

互联网继续向低端学历群体渗透。2011 年上半年,我国网民中低学历网民继续增加, 初中及以下学历网民占比从 2010 年底的 41.2%攀升至 43.8%。而高中以上学历群体从 58.9% 降低为 56.1%。

demo投了篇稿件，关于最新科技消息：维基百科可以访问了。维基模式在国外有很多争议，在国内一方面应用不是很广泛，一方面大家很相信广告，也就不太讨论。demo反对维基百科的滥用民主自由广告词，也反对web2.0。原稿地址：http://humanities.cn/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?topic_id=33 此处文章已经由作者修改过。

The world's tallest skyscraper will open soon in Dubai, even as the emirate continues to be battered by the financial crisis. Is Burj Dubai an expression of failed megalomania or proof of Dubai leader Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum's stunning vision?The view is clear, the air is soft and silky, and only a thick strip of red separates the sky and the sea at sundown. The boundary between grandeur and kitsch becomes blurred here, halfway up the Burj Dubai, the world's tallest tower.It smells of paint, varnish and new leather, and the steps of female visitors on parquet and marble produce an elegant-sounding echo that suddenly disappears when they step onto soft carpets. An artificial island in the shape of a palm tree is visible to the southwest, and farther to the north is a man-made archipelago that looks like a map of the world.But only the furniture, the carpets, the smells and the sounds are real. The rest is an illusion. The visitor isn't gazing out at the Persian Gulf from 400 meters (1,312 feet) up in the air; in fact, he or she is standing at ground level -- in a model apartment with an enormous mural stretched outside its floor-to-ceiling windows -- at the foot of a hermetically sealed building.The model apartment is located at the recently closed sales office of Emaar Properties, the real estate development company behind the Burj Dubai, which has over-extended itself -- with projects from India to Morocco -- and is now selling some of its condominiums at half the list price. After falling by 32 percent in last two weeks, Emaar's stock price gained 15 percentage points again last Thursday. Emaar, like the entire city, is on the brink of ruin, and yet it behaves as if nothing has happened.Dubai, like no other place in the world, epitomizes globalization, "innovation" and "astonishing progress," as US President Barack Obama said admiringly in his speech to the Muslim world in Cairo in June. But it also stands for mind-boggling excess. In Dubai, utopias almost feel real sometimes, and reality is sometimes nothing but a mirage.The tower, at any rate, is real. With its 160 habitable stories, it juts 818 meters (2,683 feet) into the sky. Tourists have to kneel down on the sidewalk to photograph the building in its entirety, from base to tip.The Burj Dubai is so tall that Bedouins can see it from their oases 100 kilometers (63 miles) inland and sailors can see it from their supertankers, 50 nautical miles out in the Gulf -- at least on the few winter days when the air is as clear as it's portrayed on the mural in front of the model apartment window.The tower is so enormous that the air temperature at the top is up to 8 degrees Celsius (14 degrees Fahrenheit) lower than at the base. If anyone ever hit upon the idea of opening a door at the top and a door at the bottom, as well as the airlocks in between, a storm would rush through the air-conditioned building that would destroy most everything in its wake, except perhaps the heavy marble tiles in the luxury apartments. The phenomenon is called the "chimney effect."AN ARMY OF IMMIGRANT WORKERSAn army of immigrant workers from India, Pakistan and Bangladesh, who make up about two-thirds of Dubai's residents, built the Burj. Only one in five residents is considered a "local" entitled to a United Arab Emirates passport. Scores of marketing strategists take steps to ensure that no one scrapes away at the silver varnish of this architectural marvel.Security guards quickly remind anyone who comes too close to the construction site of the meaning of the word "unauthorized." Those who are invited to tour the building, or even just the grounds, are required to sign a non-disclosure agreement, the terms of which are to be obey "finally, irrevocably and unconditionally." Anyone who violates the terms can expect to face a judge in Dubai.All of this will apply for only a little more than two weeks, until Jan. 4, 2010, the official opening date -- already rescheduled several times -- when the developers hope that the tower will begin serving its purpose as a magnet for a two-square-kilometer new development zone, where the wind was still blowing empty plastic bags across the desert sand only five years ago. And when the Burj Dubai opens, it will likely be one of the last major projects for some time in a city that has risen to dizzying heights and now faces the prospect of a precipitous fall.On a single day, Tuesday of last week, prices on Dubai's stock exchange fell by an average of 6 percent. The Islamic bond issued by real estate developer Nakheel fell to 52 cents a share, at a face value of $1 per share. The rating agency Moody's downgraded six other government-related firms to junk status. Hardly anyone believes that Dubai World, the largest of these companies, will be able to refinance its $26 billion debt within six months, as originally scheduled. The US bank Morgan Stanley predicts another drastic increase in the debt restructuring needs of Dubai's government-related firms to double the current level, or about $47 billion."Within a year, Dubai went from being the best-performing real estate market to one of the world's worst," writes the International Herald Tribune. Has the Persian Gulf emirate, once praised for its seemingly dazzling future, bitten off more than it can chew? Is the role model for a future-oriented Arabian Peninsula, with aspirations to become a hub of globalization between the East and the West, nothing less than a model for the future -- a failure?Ironically, it was the Wall Street Journal, standard-bearer of the West's brand of conservative capitalism, that warned against American and European arrogance and the tendency to write off the upstarts in the Gulf region and in the Third World in general. "The old centers ... view the Dubais, the Shanghais and the Rios with suspicion and with errant conviction that their models are built on foundations of sand, ready to collapse, when it was their own foundations that have proved to be weak," the paper writes. "Judging from the misguided reaction to Dubai's challenges, the past year hasn't changed those attitudes. That should make us worried, very worried, but not about Dubai."It is too early to sound the death bell for Dubai. That, at least, is the impression the sheikhs will try to make when they open the Burj Dubai in early January.A SUPREMELY ELEGANT EDIFICEStill, it would be condescending to dispute that the tower is an impressive, supremely elegant edifice, or that it is nothing less than graceful compared with the plain, cuboids from the age of functionalism or the gaudy, modern towers in places like Kuala Lumpur and Taipei.According to the tower's US architect, Adrian Smith, the floor plan, a central core surrounded by three lobes, is patterned on the blossom structure of the Hymenocallis flower, a shape that simultaneously creates more visible surface area and reduces the wind pressure acting on buildings this tall. As it tapers upward, one of the three lobes is shifted slightly backward about every eight floors, an effect that is reminiscent of an Islamic spiral minaret and provides the tower with 26 terraces. There will be an outdoor pool on one of the terraces, on the 78th floor, and the 124th floor (at 442 meters, or 1,450 feet, above sea level) will feature the world's third-highest observation deck.Uwe Hinrichs, 68, a native of the northern German city of Bremen, had already been involved in the construction of another Dubai landmark, the sail-shaped Burj-al-Arab Hotel, when he arrived on the construction site of his life in late 2004. The concrete foundation had already been poured, on top of 850 piles, driven up to 55 meters into the desert floor to support a load of 230,000 cubic meters of concrete and 31,000 tons of steel."From a construction standpoint," says Hinrichs, "the Burj Dubai is a relatively simple structure." One of the biggest challenges, according to Hinrichs, was the logistics of the project, an around-the-clock effort that lasted five years -- five years during which people, machines and material always had to be in the right place at the right time, 24 hours a day. Coordinating the whole thing was Hinrichs' job. His levelheaded northern German disposition proved advantageous in his position as chief coordinator, as did the fact that the people he reported to had no objection to the fact that he occassionally leaves Dubai to attend a concert in Vienna or a Rembrandt exhibition in Muscat in the neighboring country of Oman.PART 2: BAILOUTS FROM ABU DHABIIn 2004, a crew of about 2,000 people began building one floor at a time, completing an average of one per week. When interior construction entered its final phase in the fall of 2009, there were 14,000 people working on the project, people from 45 nations, speaking 35 different languages -- engineers in white helmets, security personnel in red helmets and laborers in blue helmets -- and yet there was no Babylonian linguistic confusion on the site. The workers completed a total of 95 million working hours, many at starvation wages. A skilled carpenter earned no more than €12 a day, while ordinary laborers made even less.Façade components were shipped from China, marble panels from Italy and veneers from Brazil. German companies were also involved in Burj Dubai's construction: Lopark, from the western state of North Rhine-Westphalia, supplied parquet flooring, entire football fields of it. The German branch of the US firm Guardian, based in the eastern state of Saxony-Anhalt, provided 174,000 square meters (1.8 million square feet) of solar glass. Dorma, from Ennepetal in North Rhine-Westphalia, supplied hinges and fittings. Duravit provided approximately 4,000 bidets and toilets. And Miele delivered 7,650 household appliances -- the biggest single order in the company's history. Designer Giorgio Armani bought 15,200 plates and cups from Bavarian porcelain maker Rosenthal for his hotel on the first eight floors of the building.German companies also played important roles in the development and processing of the basic core material of the Burj Dubai: concrete. Because concrete dries too quickly at daytime temperatures above 40 degrees Celsius (104 degrees Fahrenheit), the concrete was poured at night. German chemical giant BASF developed a special chemical to make the concrete more malleable initially and later rigid. Putzmeister, a maker of concrete pumps near Stuttgart, provided special high-performance pumps to pump the concrete up to the 160th floor.Quietly and uneventfully, which was entirely to Hinrichs' liking, the tower grew, floor after floor -- until June 6, 2007, when the weather service at the airport e-mailed Hinrichs a satellite image showing a cyclone that had developed over the Indian Ocean, the biggest storm ever recorded in the region, which was heading directly for the Strait of Hormuz. "That was the only day in five years," says Hinrichs, "when we had to close the construction site."The Dubai tower had already surpassed all superlatives in building history. It had overtaken the 509-meter Taipei 101 Tower as the tallest inhabited building in the world, as well as Toronto's 553-meter CN Tower as the tallest freestanding structure. Dubai had arrived at what had become the most ambitious of its goals. The city, a village of pearl divers only a generation earlier, had brought a world record back to the Middle East. For almost four millennia, the Great Pyramid of Giza (138.8 meters) was the world's tallest man-made structure, before it was overtaken by Lincoln Cathedral in England (160 meters, at the time) in 1311.TREMORSWhat could now unhinge this economic miracle on the Gulf? A terrorist attack? A new Gulf war, this time against Iran? Another earthquake, even stronger than the one that hit the region on Sept. 10, 2008?On the day of the cyclone on Sept. 10, 2008, a crane operator working 700 meters above the ground had called Hinrichs to report that it was "shaking" where he was standing. Tremors had shaken the Iranian port city of Bandar Abbas, but in Dubai, few (other than the crane operator) had even noticed.Five days later, Dubai was struck by another sort of tremor, but this one had its epicenter in New York, another city of skyscrapers. On Sept. 15, 2008, Lehman Brothers, the world's fourth-largest investment bank, filed for bankruptcy.Not just Dubai, but the West, too, had been building a tower in the years of the real estate boom, a tower of debt, which now came crashing down. But despite the vast sums of money involved in the crisis in the West, it was and largely remains a strangely abstract phenomenon. Not so in Dubai, however, which reflects the financial debacle more vividly than any other city in the world."Classic megalomania seems to have migrated from people's minds to the system itself. Nowadays the system is crazier than the people," says German philosopher Peter Sloterdijk. "That's why we, as human beings, are terribly disappointed by the course of the crisis. There was not a single colorful individual (in Europe) to make the crisis more interesting. I've never seen such an enormous conspiracy of petty bourgeoise people than at the moment."Sloterdijk may be right when it comes to the bankers, analysts and finance ministers of the West. But he apparently has never heard of Sheikh Mohammed Bin Rashid Al Maktoum, 60, a horse breeder and poet, a lover of fast powerful cars, an avid falconer and a juggler of billions. Maktoum is the ruler of Dubai and the prime minister of the United Arab Emirates. "Many leaders make promises," he said in February 2008, when the Free University of Berlin awarded him its medal of honor, "but we deliver."Maktoum had artificial islands built in the waters off his city, with names like The Palm, The World and The Universe. Not just the Free University, but the entire West was fascinated by his energy and optimism. Like the thoroughbred horses in his racing stable, he sent the most capable of his lieutenants into the orbit of globalization, and along the way they built new towers, bought ports and sent airliners out into the world.'CRISIS? WHAT CRISIS?'One real estate company after the next was founded -- Dubai Holding, Dubai Properties, Tatweer, Meraas, Sama -- and it soon became difficult to keep track of who was building what and with whose money. Apparently not even the sheikh himself was always in the know.Only about a year ago, investors were still crowding into the "CityScape Dubai" real estate convention. Former race-car driver Michael Schumacher was there, touting a skyscraper with a covered yacht berth. Nakheel, which is now in very dire financial straits, was seriously talking about the possibility of building a 1,000-meter tower. And, on the palm-shaped Jumeirah island, Dubai spent $20 million on fireworks to celebrate the opening of the fairytale Atlantis Hotel. "Crisis?" the city seemed to ask, "what crisis?"A year few weeks later, one of Sheikh Mohammed's officials presented the bill: Dubai had amassed $80 billion in debt, $50 billion of which, or about two-thirds of its gross domestic product, was scheduled to mature by 2013.For a few days, the sheikh suddenly disappeared from the scene. Rumors emerged he was ill and that he was "melancholy." Then he reappeared and began to whitewash the situation, claiming that the crisis had not affected Dubai, that Dubai had actually overcome the crisis, and that Dubai and its wealthy neighbor, Abu Dhabi, were as close and inseparable as brothers.But the "brothers" from the neighboring sheikdom, with whom the Dubaians form the bulk of the United Arab Emirates, no longer wanted any part of Dubai's excesses. Abu Dhabi has 7 percent of worldwide oil reserves, and its 64-year-old emir, Sheikh Khalifa bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, is the president of the UAE, while Dubai's Sheikh Mohammed is only its premier -- and Abu Dhabi now views the prestigious activities of his relative in the neighboring emirate with growing mistrust, and probably some envy.At the beginning of the year, Abu Dhabi rescued Dubai from the worst of its problems with a $20 billion cash injection. The emirate stepped in again earlier this week, providing Dubai with an additional $10 billion in financial aid. The emirate may have abundant assets in its $500 billion sovereign wealth fund, but how much longer will it be willing to bailout its neighbor? The sheikhs of Abu Dhabi seem to prefer to spend their money on sounder, more sustainable projects, such as an emissions-free eco-city called Masdar, where the emirate plans to conduct research on projects for the post-petroleum age.In the last four weeks, the sheikh has revealed -- not always voluntarily -- how serious the crisis is and how deeply it affects him. At first, the normally restrained sheikh lost his composure and told the critical Western media to "shut up," and then he dismissed three of his closest advisers on the emirate's central financial council. A short time later, he waxed poetic when he described the crisis as "the fruit-bearing tree that becomes the target of stone-throwers."PART 3: A SYMBOL OF EARTHLY TEMPTATIONIn truth, Sheikh Mohammed, the poet-prince, has good reasons to look forward to the day when the Burj Dubai opens its doors. With one snip of the red ribbon, he will be taking up the thread of a great epic, a saga of humanity that goes well beyond the financial problems of a debt-ridden Gulf emirate. Once before, the Eastern World is said to have been the home another groundbreaking tower, in Babylon, the legendary Mesopotamian city between the Tigris and the Euphrates.Archeologists have confirmed that the Tower of Babel did indeed exist in the 3rd century B.C. They estimate that the skyscraper of antiquity was 90 meters tall, a marvel of the day, and was constructed on a platform that was 90 meters square. If this were true, the tower would have been one-ninth as tall as the latest wonder of the modern world. According to the Bible, the Tower of Babel was much more than a building, but rather a symbol of earthly temptation. "Come, let us build ourselves a city, and a tower with its top in the heavens, and let us make a name for ourselves." These words, which sound strikingly like a motto of today's rulers of Dubai, are in fact from the Book of Genesis in the Old Testament. Even today, many of the faithful believe that endeavoring to be like God is a presumption that must invariably lead to punishment.MEGALOMANIA OR A GRAND ACHIEVEMENT?Nevertheless, the excessive building of cities and towers seems to be a cross-cultural constant, a dream and nightmare alike for mankind, from the Babylonians to the heroes and villains of the present. The ruler of Dubai isn't the only one who has carried out his plans in reinforced concrete and gleaming facades.President Nursultan Nazarbayev of Kazakhstan had Astana, an entire city of monumental avenues, triumphal arches and pyramids built as his new capital, where marble contrasts with granite, buildings are topped by gigantic glass domes and, on the Bayterek Tower, every subject can place his or her hand in a golden imprint of the president's hand.In the Burmese jungle, dictatorial generals had an absurd new capital, Naypyidaw, or "Seat of the Kings," conjured up out of nothing. Yamoussoukro, the capital of Côte d'Ivoire and a memorial to the country's now-deceased first president, Félix Houphouët-Boigny, is even a step closer to the brink. The city is filled with grandiose buildings, but there are hardly any people to be seen. The Basilica of Notre Dame de la Paix is a piece of lunacy inspired by the Basilica of St. Peter in the Vatican, but the African church is even bigger than St. Peter's. Indeed, it is the world's largest Catholic church.It is easy to ridicule the megalomaniacs and their hubris and to rail against the record-breaking mania reflected in their ostentatious buildings, phallic symbols of the rise to power of nouveau-riche potentates.And yet, aren't Brasilia and Canberra, the South American and Australian versions of the man-made model city, remarkable successes? Hasn't history proven at least a few visionaries right, people whose achievements we continue to marvel at today: the creators of Giza on the Nile, Machu Picchu in the Andes and Angkor in Cambodia, or the planners of St. Petersburg?Today, the pyramids of the pharaohs, the mountain fortress of the Incas and the sacral ruins of the Khmer are admired as part of the world's cultural heritage, places that attest to man's greatness. They are the great and magnificent achievements of past eras. Nowadays, the center of St. Petersburg -- designed on the drawing board, like Dubai today, more than 300 years ago -- is still considered an ideal city and an example of successful urban planning.Where the emirates are built on sand, the banks of the Neva River were once swampland. At the behest of the czar, St. Petersburg was not just created as Russia's window to the West, but as a reflection of what the modernists of the day defined as utopian. "Now, city of Peter, stand thou fast, Foursquare, like Russia; vaunt thy splendor! The very element shall surrender And make her peace with thee at last," Alexander Pushkin, the congenial poetic counterpart to Peter the Great, wrote in his poem "The Bronze Horseman." It was pure hubris, cast in the form of magnificent verse.What happens today in Dubai -- or in Shanghai or Astana -- generally happens under the conditions of an authoritarian form of government. In democracies, people cannot be dispossessed and driven off their property but, instead, can hire attorneys to assert their rights. In democracies, more or less reasonable building codes and ordinances, as well as licensed appraisers, ensure that uncontrolled growth and injustices are kept in check. But this limiting effect also applies to creativity, spontaneity and "positive" megalomania, resulting in a general leveling of things.THE VIRTUE OF TAKING THE PLUNGE"This society is mediocre," the poet and sharp-tongued contemporary critic Hans Magnus Enzensberger once wrote about German reality. "Its political leaders and its works of art are mediocre, as are its representatives and its taste, its joys, its opinions, its architecture, its media, its fears, vices and afflictions." And then, in his essay "Mediocrity and Delusion," Enzensberger writes: "There is something cathartic about this realization."Somewhere between Western suburbs and Yamoussoukro lies Dubai. Whether its Burj, its tower, will ever become a part of the world's cultural heritage is still open, as is the question of how long it will remain the world's tallest structure. China, Saudi Arabia and Kuwait are already planning towers that will be much taller than the Burj Dubai, reaching more than 1,000 meters into the sky.In the Book of Isaiah, the Bible describes the fall of Babel as follows: "And suddenly your downfall will come, and it will come unexpectedly." If the words of the Old Testament are to be believed, the megalomaniacal tower builders of today cannot expect external support: "Thus shall they be unto thee with whom thou hast labored, even thy merchants, from thy youth: They shall wander every one to his quarter; none shall save thee."The Burj Dubai was not cheap, and perhaps it was even unaffordable. But at least the sheikhs of Dubai have taught their contemporaries one virtue: the virtue of taking the plunge.

2003年于纽约建立的eVolo建筑论坛主要推广方法之一就是举办建筑设计比赛，从06－08年比赛中心都是摩天楼设计，奖金很低，一等奖也就2000美元，网站也不是那么多人访问，但其褒扬的设计风格与贵阳花溪CBD风一脉相承，乍看某些渲染成暮色的电脑绘画，略有人与机器发生战斗的世界末日即将来临的感觉。--人文与社会

钱学森在加州理工的同事和朋友回忆文章。

梭罗素食的原因及其他。有些人素食不是因为毛茸茸的小动物可爱，更严肃的理由有清洁，节约，反对暴力，把女性从与处理肉食相关的繁重厨房劳动中解放出来，等等。

旧金山联邦储备银行的一份报告：中国制造的商品在美国个人消费的开销中仅占2.7%，同时中国制造商品的价格中绝大部分支付美国工人和管理层在运输、店面、营销的服务以及股票利润。该报告意谓中国的劳动力成本提高和将近5%的通货膨胀率对美国的消费价格影响不大

In 2009 two important commemorative events coincide—the bicentennial of Charles Darwin’s birth, coincidentally on the same day as Abraham Lincoln’s, and the sesquicentennial of publication of Darwin’s pioneering work On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection. Universities and natural history museums around the world are celebrating Darwin’s achievement throughout the year. Here we take a fresh look at the voyage that turned Darwin into one of science’s greatest thinkers.

Not the word before the notion, but the word as notion and as historical agent.

史景迁：十七世纪的中国与西方
2010年NEH杰弗逊演讲

2010年3月18日下午三点半，接着上半场豪尔教授的《审思音乐教育：探讨澳洲大学巴里岛佳美兰音乐的教学方法》讲座之后，悉尼音乐学院副院长霍华德教授（Prof. Keith Howard）为上音师生带来了另一场题为《世界音乐：谁的世界、谁的音乐？》的学术讲座（见图一）。主讲人霍华德教授目前供职于悉尼音乐学院，任副院长一职。此前他曾在英国伦敦大学亚非学院工作。霍华德教授曾撰写和编著了16本学术著作，其中绝大多数是韩国音乐研究成果。此外，霍华德教授还发表了逾百篇学术论文。可以说，其学术触角广及韩国、吉尔吉斯坦、尼泊尔、西伯利亚和津巴布韦音乐与文化。今天讲座则以"谁的音乐"为主要设问，从世界音乐范畴、历史、分流、美学问题、版权和传统音乐保护等多个方面渐次展开，对现代世界音乐做了深入翔实的解析。 图一：霍华德教授为师生诠释"世界音乐"体裁及其相关热点论题   一、世界音乐的范畴和来历 霍华德教授首先明确了此次讲座中的现代世界音乐的范畴，即特指全球化时代进入商业运作流程中的，作为一种全新的音乐体裁而存在的"世界音乐"。在该范畴中，世界音乐不再只局限于作为地方传统的标识，而是作为跨国工业观念下的商品而存在，并体现出"异域和本土音乐"结合的"混合"特征。霍华德教授认为，世界音乐的出现和发展，其影响波及到了音乐人类学，甚至音乐学，引起了学术界的普遍担忧。在讲座开始部分，霍华德教授还给师生们介绍了"世界音乐"术语的来龙去脉。即在1987年的伦敦易斯林顿民间协会唱片制作人会议上，与会的世界音乐制作人在如何记录唱片名称，如何为唱片分门别类的问题上进行了几轮磋商，其中淘汰了"世界节拍"、"热带"、"民族" 、"国际"和"根基"等词汇，最后选定了"世界音乐"一词的全部过程。 二、争议一一站在世界音乐的两边 霍华德教授认为现代世界音乐存在两个分流现象。一方面是在商业利益驱动下发展起来的世界音乐；另一方面是音乐民族志学者观念中的各地区、各民族传统音乐文化。就前者而言，如时代华纳公司发行的《阿姐鼓》和新近流行的萨顶顶的音乐作品；就后者而言，特指如陕西唢呐乐班或西安古乐等古老音乐形式。世界音乐的分流引发了两边的互相指责。商业世界音乐领域指责音乐民族志学者们是"隐藏在丛林中的偷窥者。"或"世界音乐可以让音乐家谋生。音乐民族志者们却做不到"。而音乐民族志学者们则批评世界音乐的商业化运作忽视了文化自身的界限。他们认为世界音乐好比好莱坞电影，只是通过创造浮华、肤浅的艺术形式来吸引各种人群。   三、"扶手椅上听世界"一一世界音乐的生活方式 霍华德教授通过列举一些例子来说明世界音乐不是一种简单意义上对世界的"发现之旅"，而是"在扶手椅上听世界"。因此，世界音乐创造的是一种新的生活方式。例如目前在英国利物浦大学音乐系任教授的卡萨比安先生（Anahid Kassabian)就曾使用"音响旅行（audio tourism）"一词来探讨星巴克咖啡店和著名的世界音乐唱片品牌Putumayo所发行、销售的世界音乐作品"Café Cubana "和"Music from the Coffee Lands"。霍华德教授认为，咖啡消费者买进的不仅仅是咖啡，还包括一种背景音乐（ambient music）及其创造的新声音图景世界。这种图景式的音乐存在，瓦解了传统的地理距离。例如世界音乐作品"Buena Vista Social Club"展示了熟悉的古巴音乐和他者音乐的"混合"，而这种"混合"现象，正是各种世界音乐的共同特征。   四、从"生硬的结合"到体裁的确立一一世界音乐的美学问题变迁 霍华德在讲座中表明了自己的立场。他虽然认可世界音乐在全球范围内的流行现象的合理性，即年轻一代不再能够欣赏老一辈们所欣赏的传统音乐，从而现代世界音乐拥有坚实的观众基础；但同时保留了对世界音乐的批评。他认为作为一种体裁存在的世界音乐，其音乐上的特征往往体现在"异国情调与本土音乐"的"生硬结合"上。如采用欧美流行音乐中常见的节奏与和声结构、本土乐器，以及运用科技手段进行跨界创作等。因此，这种音乐即便保留了某种原生声音，但被保留部分已经不占主要地位。例如在作为三角州航空公司的广告音乐的世界音乐作品"Songs of Sanctuary"中，虽然融合了祖鲁人、科萨人、第绪人的原生声音，但正如主唱所一语道破的"这不过是各种声音的堆砌，不具有声音原来的真正含义。"霍华德教授言下之意，在现代社会中，在商业化运作的推波助澜下，没有人再去关注原来的声音的内涵和意义。世界音乐的忠实消费群体关心的是这种"生硬的结合"所创造出的新鲜感。可以说，在世界音乐所融入的他者声音中，文化内涵被剥去了，尽管如此，留下的"外壳"也足以支撑起世界音乐的繁荣发展。   五、版权归属一一世界音乐"中间人"的道德问题 霍华德教授质疑了世界音乐作品的版权问题。他认为，由于西方音乐家常常成为世界音乐"中间人"，即作为制作人等角色，因此就成为了世界音乐所采录的各民族音乐的版权拥有者。例如西曼（Paul Simon）的《恩赐之地（Graceland）》以1400万张专辑的销售量高居世界音乐销售榜首，而"Buena Vista Social Clu"则已1000万张专辑的销售量紧随其后。但就版权而言，前者属于西曼，后者也同样没有归属于古巴民间艺人。同样的，加布里尔（Peter Gabriel）在其作品《基督最后的诱惑》中，虽然融合了伊斯兰祈祷歌曲卡瓦利、塞内加尔音乐、埃及音乐、埃塞俄比亚和摩洛哥等地音乐家的作品。但乐曲最后的版权都归属于加布里尔所有。霍华德教授认为，这些版权归属问题成为了现代商业化的世界音乐所不可回避的道德问题。   六、"跟随传统还是跟随钱？"一一世界音乐与传统音乐保护问题 霍华德教授最后探讨了世界音乐与传统音乐保护问题。教授认为，学术界对世界音乐的关注始于玻利维亚歌曲"El Condor pase"。该曲被西方人西蒙和加方克尔（Garfunkel）用在世界音乐"Bridge Over Troubled Water"中，其引发的版权问题遭到了玻利维亚总统的强烈反抗。该事件直接促使联合国教科文组织（UNESCO）开始讨论如何保护非物质文化遗产问题。就非物质文化遗产问题，霍华德教授结合自身多年来研究韩国音乐的经历，为师生介绍了韩国传统音乐盘索里（p'ansori）和风物农乐（p'ungmul）的现代化发展，及其所具有的世界音乐体裁性质所引发的问题。霍华德教授认为，虽然二者被授予了"人类口头非物质文化遗产杰作"，但二者在现代世界已经失去了传统音乐的特征或内涵的认同指认作用。在所有可以下载的16首盘索里歌曲中，只有2首是真正的传统盘索里；同样的，风物农乐在2005年的斯里兰卡世界音乐与舞蹈节（WOMAD）中，已经经过了大幅现代化改良，成为了一种新的形式"Dulsori"，也因此，具有商业化的世界音乐属性的"Dulsoli"现在成为了韩国的国家文化象征。这必然引发了学者对于传统音乐境况的担忧，并以身作则地宣扬着保护传统音乐文化的意愿。特别是联合国教科文组织要求学术界积极参与投选非物质文化遗产代表作，在这种背景下，学者们不得不面对这个问题："留给音乐家的一个赤裸裸的选择：跟随传统还是跟随钱？"霍华德教授最后认为，世界音乐的完全就是消费主义，是一个关于揽财和追求利润的市场驱动的音乐产业。谁拥有"世界音乐"的问题，其实在世界音乐利益不能回归非洲、亚洲，以及真正拥有传统音乐的人们的时候，就已经自己说出了答案。讲座结束后，在座师生和霍华德教授进行了热烈的讨论，问题集中在世界音乐体裁的共性特征、传统音乐所在地区的人如何看待这种传统音乐、如何保护传统音乐上。霍华德教授在回应中认为，"混合"是世界音乐的共性特征、传统音乐所在地区的现代年轻人是认同这种世界音乐的、传统音乐保护需要从每个人自身做起。最后，上海音乐学院杨燕迪院长对此次讲座给以了简短却提纲挈领的总结。至此，音乐人类学系列讲座的两场讲座获得了积极热烈的反响，取得了圆满成功。综述：黄婉图片：吴艳、张延莉 

为什么在英国创世论和进化论之间的争论不像在美国那么引人注目？美国仍是宗教气氛很浓的国家，而且只要还有三分之一的美国人周日去教堂时会被告知进化论是一个意图剥夺他们永恒灵魂的阴谋，这个问题仍将继续争论。

开放源代码运动律师Lessig发起改造国会运动. 2010年2月22日发表于The Nation.

普林斯顿大学Lynn T. White III

David Fincher’s The Social Network, which tells the story of Facebook, is fast and intelligent and mean, a sort of screwball comedy without the laughs. It’s written by Aaron Sorkin, whose credits include The West Wing and A Few Good Men, and based on a novelised history by Ben Mezrich, The Accidental Billionaires. As long as it stays with the details of its tale – the faces, the clothes, the dialogue, the rooms, the parties, the sleek restaurants – the movie seems both restrained and sure-footed, willing to leave the thinking and the conclusions to us. But its larger plot movements are strangely dedicated to an insistence on two intriguing but evasive fables. One says that genius needs humiliation to get it going: so much so that the humiliation may be more important than the genius, a nicely faux-democratic message. The other says you can only make real money, money beyond dreams as distinct from just a lot of ordinary money, if you don’t care about wealth at all. Genius doesn’t calculate, even when it’s a computational genius.The film’s best line appears in a long, intense, information-crowded conversation before the credits. Jesse Eisenberg as Mark Zuckerberg, a student at Harvard, is sitting in a bar with a girl from the far less classy Boston University and boasting about his implausible chances of getting into one of Harvard’s fancy and exclusive social clubs. Once he’s in, he says, he’ll be able to introduce her to a better class of people than the ones she knows. For some reason the girl, Erica Albright, played by Rooney Mara, doesn’t take kindly to this suggestion, and the mood goes from lousy to worse. Finally she gets up and leaves, telling him that he will go through life believing that people don’t like him because he’s a nerd. This won’t be true. They won’t like him because he’s an asshole.Zuckerberg trots back to his dorm room and proves by inventing Facebook that Erica is absolutely right. No, that’s not quite the film’s line of argument, but it is largely what it shows us and a late attempt at a revision of Erica’s line lends it a weird retrospective authority. Just before the movie ends, a woman lawyer who has been present at the depositions regarding various suits against Zuckerberg and what he stole from or owed to whom, looks at our lonely hero, forlorn and with only his computer to befriend him, and says: ‘You know, you’re not really an asshole, you’re just trying so hard to be one.’ Then comes a truly mawkish moment. Zuckerberg hesitates, then types onto his Facebook page a version of the request that millions are now making and receiving every day: will Erica be his friend? No answer, film ends. Just as we’re wondering whether this little scene wouldn’t have been too soppy for David Selznick let alone David Fincher, a text crawls up the screen telling us how much Zuckerberg settled for: $65 million in one case, an ‘undisclosed amount’ in another. Facebook, the text informs us, is worth 26 billion. This is just a grand old American story after all. Nice guys finish last and assholes finish rich. If you’re feeling sentimental, you can ask the key, corny question. Yes, but are they happy?Of course a lot happens between Erica’s insult and this ending, and what humanises Zuckerberg in the movie is the possibility that he’s so angry not because Erica has upped and left him, but because she had the last word and she’s smarter than he is. He can’t have this. When he gets back to his room, he drops a few sexist and ethnic slurs about Erica onto his blog for all who care to see, toys with inventing a web-game where people – I mean male students – are invited to compare pictures of girls with pictures of animals, and then settles for devising another game called Facemash. This involves hacking into the records of the university’s residence halls, collecting photographs of all the female students, and putting them up on the screen in pairs. The game is really subtle. The guys just say which of the two girls is ‘hotter’, and chortle away. The game is so successful that before the night is over Harvard’s computer system has crashed and Zuckerberg is famous.Enter the Winklevoss brothers. These are two athletes, rowers, members of an elite that will never admit Zuckerberg even into its environs, who are looking for a programmer for an idea they have: a computer-based social network trading on the snob value of Harvard’s name, an extended electronic version, in other words, of the system Zuckerberg was describing to Erica. They contact Zuckerberg, who says he’ll work with them but does nothing but stall them for a month or two. Meanwhile he invents his own social network, and calls it The Facebook – later he drops the ‘the’. He and his friends, notably Eduardo Saverin, played by Andrew Garfield, who puts a little money into the venture, start to include other universities in the system, including places on the West Coast, and well before the end of the movie, the network has gone international. The Winklevoss brothers learn about it just after they have narrowly lost a race at Henley. Close but no cigar; just the news that the locals too have Facebook.Did Zuckerberg steal the Winklevosses’ idea? They think so, and the $65 million they received in the settlement suggests there was something ($65 million, to be precise) in the thought. Zuckerberg’s position is that he so transformed a lame, provincial project that he can’t possibly be taken as having nicked it: this would be like saying Shakespeare stole Macbeth from Holinshed, or Newton stole gravity from the apple. The case of Saverin is rather different. At the centre of the movie, with flashbacks radiating out from it, is the room where the depositions are being heard in the two cases. Saverin lent Facebook more and more money, and was CFO of the company. However, once Zuckerberg had met the charismatic Sean Parker (played by Justin Timberlake), and moved to California, Saverin was edged out, and the film pictures him as the model of East Coast caution trumped by West Coast cool. Parker is the real-life inventor of Napster, a music-piracy system whose failure did more damage to the recording industry than even its success could have done, and what Zuckerberg likes about him is not just his savoir-faire, the sort of fast style that makes the poshest Harvard club look like a garden party, but his sense of risk and the future. Saverin too is suing Zuckerberg, ostensibly for cheating him out of the continuing profits but in movie terms for betraying the only friend he has.The acting in the movie is quite wonderful, very disciplined and focused. Timberlake as Parker is charming, funny, reckless, even dangerous, but also nervous, an ex-nerd who hasn’t entirely forgotten his past. The film’s second-best moment, after Erica’s early line, comes when Parker announces at a party, as everything is being filmed, that soon all our lives will instantly be on the internet. Two minutes later the police burst into the apartment and take him off for snorting cocaine. Did somebody set him up? Saverin out of envy and revenge? Zuckerberg because he thought Parker was putting the company at risk?Garfield is good as Saverin: sympathetic, decent, but limited, and easily made to feel inferior, a nice guy who won’t finish last but won’t be near the front either. The triumph of the movie is Jesse Eisenberg as Zuckerberg. He manages that stolid, stubborn, stupid look that clever people often have, and when his expression changes, which is not often, we may think he is getting angry. But then Eisenberg’s closed manner robs us of any confidence that we can read any of his expressions. This is the whole trick of the performance. We can’t gauge the expression, yet our curiosity forces us to do something with a face that is held so long and so often in front of our eyes. So we keep guessing. Was that almost a smile, and if so, what did it mean? Contempt? Some milder form of amusement at the idiocy of others? Some of our guesses are irresistible, and might even be right. Zuckerberg’s social awkwardness, presumably real enough at one stage, has become a style, a mask, an aggressive pose. His confidence in his own intelligence, and his conviction that he owes nothing to anyone, least of all any sort of obligation to be nice to them, come across very clearly whatever expression is on his face, and his only weakness, it seems, is a defensive impatience: he just can’t afford to think anyone else has a mind that matters. He is a monster of sorts, and like all monsters, a mirror of something that humans want or need or fear. Certainly it’s as a monster that he is compelling, and that’s why the attempt to reduce him to a little boy lost, just a nerd after all, is so craven, a shameless reaching out for the Oscar-worthy stereotype.