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  1. 中美关系高级研讨会纪要
    政治 2012/07/03 | 阅读: 1288
    随着美国在伊拉克和阿富汗战争结束,奥巴马总统已表示打算重新调整与亚太国家的外交和军事关系。中美关系在未来将受到何种影响?上周(2012.4.20),在《外交官》杂志和哈佛大学共同举办的高级别研讨会上,分析家和政策制定者提供了一些答案。以下是会议摘要。
  2. 应奇:批判的踪迹——访MIT出版社书店
    书评 2008/11/29 | 阅读: 1287
    这篇文章应该是作为MIT《当代德国社会思想研究丛书》介绍而写的。
  3. 何勤华:中国近代民商法学的诞生与成长
    法律 2008/12/06 | 阅读: 1287
    在1905年创办的京师法律学堂,民法学、商法学、与法学通论、宪法学、刑法学等一起, 分别是第一学年和第二学年的主干课程。之后,至1949年民国政府解体,凡是设置有法律系或法学专业的大学,都开设了民法学和商法学的课程。
  4. 梅新育:警惕征地拆迁补偿过高
    社会 2013/02/04 | 阅读: 1287
    2011年初,中国汽车流通协会调查发现,2010年北京销售的8万辆进口车中一半卖给了北京和各地拆迁户,特别是北京拆迁户。当时调查人员在扩建后的北京南苑机场附近发现,机场周边村庄豪华车数量众多,密度特大,进而发现那一带拆迁户拿到两三千万元补偿司空见惯。
  5. 赵中维:家庭重构方法与历史人口学研究
    历史 2011/12/23 | 阅读: 1286
    历史人口学一般被定义为使用常规与非常规人口技术对历史数据进行分析研究的学科。其研究的主要目的是获取历史上详细的人口信息,如人口规模、性别与年龄结构、出生、死亡、婚姻、人口迁移,并对包括以上人口特征及事件在内的人口变化进行测量与分析。在历史人口学的发展中,家庭重构方法的使用及其推广起到了极大作用。本文对家庭重构方法及使用的资料、该方法在历史人口学研究中的应用与贡献,以及其他有关问题做一简要介绍。历史人口学一般被定义为使用常规与非常规人口技术对历史数据进行分析研究的学科。【1】其研究的首要目的是获取历史上详细的人口信息,如人口规模、性别、年龄结构、出生、死亡、人口迁移,并对包括以上人口特征及事件在内的人口变化进行测量与分析。和历史人口学紧密相关但研究领域更为广泛的一个学科是人口历史学。它不仅关心过去人口变动的本身,而且注重这些变化和一系列社会、经济、政治、文化、环境因素的相互关系。一般来说,历史人口学往往更多地考虑如何准确地测量过去人口变动及提出有效的方法去开发历史人口数据,而人口历史学则更加关注主要人口事件的原因、过程、结果及其对社会经济变化和历史发展的长期影响。尽管一些学者曾对历史人口学和人口历史学进行区分,但这两个学科以及从事两方面研究的学者之间的界限却难以划清。这是因为人口历史学家往往需要获取详细准确的人口信息作为他们调查研究人口历史的基础。同样,历史人口学家也不满足简单了解人口变动本身,而是希望对这种变动的原因及其对社会经济的影响做出进一步的阐述。因此,有些学者认为进行以上区分的意义并不大。在历史人口学的发展中,家庭重构或家庭重组方法的使用及其推广起到了极大作用。尽管如此,国内还未见到详细讨论家庭重构方法与应用的中文文献。本文写作的目的在于填补这一空白,对家庭重构方法、该方法使用的资料及该方法在历史人口学研究中的应用与贡献做一简要介绍。一、历史人口学研究的重要数据来源:教会登记教会登记主要指基督教教会对其信徒的洗礼、结婚和安葬的记录。它是基督教国家人口史研究中最有价值且被广泛使用的历史数据来源之一。早在中世纪晚期,一些意大利城邦国家就已开始进行教会登记。这种做法首先传到了法国的西部和英国,然后进一步传播到西欧和中欧的大部分地区。到了18世纪,这种教会登记已在许多欧洲国家及其海外殖民地普遍实行。【2】在英国,教会登记制度由托马斯·克隆维尔(1485-1540)于1538年设立。自此,神职人员对所有在教会举办的洗礼、结婚和安葬进行记录。在以后的300年中,教会为坚持和改进这种登记做出不断的努力。英国也因此积累了大量的教会登记。很多原始记录至今仍然保存完好。正是由于这种原因,教会登记成为19世纪民事登记和人口普查开始以前最重要的人口资料来源。教会登记的内容与详细程度在不同地区和不同时间差异很大。有些登记十分简单,只包括接受洗礼者、结婚者或被安葬者的名字,以及事件发生的日期。但有些记录则可能对事件的当事人及其家庭成员予以非常详尽的记述。例如,洗礼登记可能还会包括孩子的出生日期和地点、父母的姓名以及父亲的职业或社会地位;结婚登记可能还会提供新婚夫妇的年龄、过去的婚姻史,他们父母的姓名、职业或社会地位,以及新郎的职业等信息;安葬登记可能还包括死亡者的年龄、职业或社会地位、生前常住地,甚至死因。一般来说,教会登记所记载的内容往往随着时间而增加。早期的登记一般比较简单,详细的记录则多见于18世纪和19世纪初。初看起来,这些登记资料好像对人口研究用处不大。但如果能够通过适当方法把一个人的出生、婚姻、生育、死亡等记录连接在一起,它们就能提供一个人一生经历的所有人口事件的详细信息。如果一个地区的教会登记记载了该地区某一时期全部或绝大部分人口所经历的人口事件,那它就可能成为最能反映该地区在这一特定时间内人口状况的宝贵资料。由于这种教会登记在西方国家历史上曾经广泛存在,这就使得它们成为了解16世纪至19世纪初许多欧洲国家及其海外殖民地人口历史的主要数据来源。然而,作为人口学研究的一个重要数据来源,教会登记也有一些局限性。作为基督教教会对其宗教活动及其信徒的记录,教会登记可能只包括居住在某一地区的部分居民。有其他宗教信仰或没有宗教信仰的人群通常会被排除在外。由于洗礼、结婚、安葬的登记通常只涉及这些事件的当事人及他们的父母,而且教会一般不对人口迁移进行记载(对因结婚迁入教区的人的记载除外),所以教会登记记录本身不能提供某一特定时点上一个教区内总人口的准确信息。此外,尽管在绝大多数情况下,家庭成员之间的关系可以根据教会登记加以确定,但这种登记却不能告诉我们这些人是否居住在一起,因此也不能提供关于居住模式的准确信息。在不信仰基督教的人口中,一般不会见到以上提到的教会登记。但类似性质的登记资料也在一些国家或地区存在。例如,在日本历史上,一些寺庙曾经进行死亡登记,这种记录在日文中称为《過去帳》。除登记死者的姓名以外,这些记录的内容有时还包括他们的死亡年龄、死亡原因及死亡日期。这种记录同样能够反映过去的人口的变动,并为人口研究提供了重要的数据来源。【3】二、使用教会登记进行历史人口学研究的重要方法:家庭重构历史人口学中所指的家庭重构是一种对不同人口记录进行连接的方法。它把对某个人洗礼、结婚和安葬分别进行的记录汇集、连接在一起,重现被记录人个人及其家庭成员之间的相互关系及所经历的人口事件。这种方法的应用是使教会登记转变成为历史人口学研究有效数据的关键步骤。从广义上说,人们从其他资料中寻找关于个人及家庭成员信息、并对其进行连接的做法也应属于家庭重构。从这种意义上讲,中国及其他国家历史上修编家谱、族谱的活动也是家庭重构方法的应用。但系统地使用较统一的方法对教会登记资料进行连接、并将其结果用于人口史研究则开始于20世纪的一些西方国家。随着人们对人口历史研究兴趣的增长,20世纪上半叶,一些研究人员已经开始使用教会有关出生、结婚和安葬的记录研究历史上的人口变化。例如在20世纪40年代,瑞典人口学家H.许勒纽斯曾经使用了一种类似于通常所指的家庭重构的方法对教会登记资料进行分析。由于H.许勒纽斯的研究成果用瑞典文发表于第二次世界大战期间,这在很大程度上限制了它的传播和影响。【4】第二次世界大战结束以后,世界形势发生了很大变化,学术界也进入了一个新的发展时期。这种环境极大地推进了人口史的研究、家庭重构法的完善与推广,历史人口学作为一门学科在20世纪中叶确立并得到迅速发展。【5】法国人口学家路易·亨利(1911-1991)曾为这一发展作出了重大贡献,并因此被广泛尊为历史人口学的奠基人。亨利对历史人口学的主要贡献之一就是确立与完善了家庭重构法,并将其应用到对法国人口史的深入调查研究之中。在使用计算机连接人口资料以前,家庭重构只能通过人工操作完成。为了进行家庭重构,首先要将与一对夫妇婚姻有关的人口及一些非人口信息收集汇总在一起。为了有效地进行这项工作,亨利设计使用了家庭重构表(Family Reconstitution Forms)。这种家庭重构表或类似的表格曾被历史人口学家广泛应用,尽管研究人员使用的表格存在差异。这些表格通常是由以婚姻组建的家庭为中心,收集并记录以下内容:一对夫妇的结婚日期、夫妇双方父母的姓名、夫妇双方本人的姓名、婚姻登记时的居住地或所属教区、双方的婚姻史、出生或洗礼的日期、死亡或安葬的日期,他们每个孩子的姓名、性别、出生或洗礼的日期、死亡或安葬的日期。如果原始记录未提供以上事件的具体日期,研究人员会尽量收集并记录夫妇双方在经历这些事件时的年龄。除此之外,有时家庭重构表还会登录被记录人的职业或社会地位,以及根据以上资料得出的一些信息,如婚姻结束的原因及时间。【6】当和一对夫妇有关的出生、婚姻、生育、死亡等记录在家庭重构表上被成功地连接好以后,研究人员就可以使用人口学方法对这些资料进行分析,以便获取所需的人口数据。由于人工操作耗费大量的时间与人力,所以许多早期的家庭重构研究只能在较小或较少的教区进行。随着计算机技术的迅速发展,更为有效的、运用计算机进行家庭重构的方法已经成熟。这种方法的核心是使用计算机将已经输入的教会登记资料根据被登记人的姓名、性别、出生日期等信息连接在一起。由于这一进步,大规模的家庭重构研究已在一些国家成功进行。因为家庭重构是从教会的洗礼、结婚和安葬登记中获取详细人口信息的,所以是一种非常有效的方法。使用这种方法重建的人口事件史有时比从回顾性调查中获得的信息更为详细和可靠。此外,由于教会登记在许多西方国家有数百年的历史,所以通过连接教会登记而生成的人口资料就成为研究人口长期变动最重要的数据来源之一。【7】但是,教会登记资料的特点也给运用家庭重构方法进行历史人口学研究带来一些局限性。由于教会登记仅是教会对其信徒的洗礼、结婚和安葬等事件的记载,有效的家庭重构虽能再现被记录人群经历的所有人口事件及其相互关联,但它不能改变由这种资料本身的选择性所造成的偏倚。另外,由于教会登记只对洗礼、结婚和安葬等活动及当事人进行记录,通过家庭重构,我们只能从这些资料中得到某一地区一定时期内出生、死亡和结婚的数量,而不能得到该地区在某一时点上的人口总数。没有人口总数或不同年龄人口的数量,就无法对出生率、死亡率、结婚率进行准确计算。造成这种状况的主要原因在于,有关人们迁入(通过结婚迁入教区的人除外)、迁出教区的信息一般不能通过教会登记或家庭重构取得。同样由于这种原因,如果迁出教区的人与未迁出教区的人有明显差异,通过家庭重构得来的人口统计结果可能会受到样本选择的影响而产生偏倚。家庭重构研究结果的代表性也因此成为学者探讨与争论的一个问题。三、家庭重构研究对历史人口学发展的重要贡献尽管对历史人口学的兴趣在20世纪中叶以前就已存在,学界普遍认为,历史人口学作为一个学科创立于20世纪50年代,并很快进入了蓬勃发展阶段。在历史人口学的创立和发展过程中,家庭重构方法在人口史研究中的应用起到了极其重要的作用。第二次世界大战结束以后,人们遇到了一系列新的问题与挑战。在人口发展方面,战后许多国家出现的婴儿潮和亚、非、拉地区面临的迅速人口增长使许多人口学家和政策制定者迫切感到加强人口研究和预测的重要性。亨利当时任职于法国国家人口研究所,也积极参与了对人口变化,尤其是生育变化的深入研究。他认为,要发现生育行为和生育水平变动的原因,就需要了解婚姻模式和已婚生育的状况。此外,还要对受节制与不受节制的生育进行区分,并对其水平进行测量。为此,他提出了一个重要的理论概念:自然生育率。亨利认为,"当夫妇双方的生育行为受已有子女数量的影响,并在该数量达到他们不想超越的最大限度而随之改变的时候,就可以认为生育控制已经存在"。在没有这种生育控制时的生育率即可被认为是自然生育率。【8】虽然自然生育率的概念存在一些缺陷(如,它仅仅考虑与胎次相关的生育控制行为而未提及延长生育间隔等生育控制行为),但还是在生育及生育转变的研究中被广泛接受。有了以上区分,人口学家就能较好地解释以下一些问题:不同时期生育水平的差异是否由于婚姻行为的变化而造成的?生育率的下降在多大程度上是由已婚生育率降低造成的?所观察到的生育率与自然生育率之间存在多大差异?为了分析生育水平的变化,亨利还提出了人口学中一个重要的生育指标,即胎次递进比及其计算方法。【9】为了深入研究历史上的生育转变并对自然生育率理论进行检验,亨利利用16世纪中叶以后日内瓦统治阶层家庭的家谱记录,分析了该城市上流社会中的人口行为及其变化。【10】与此同时,亨利和他的同事们还开始着手分析研究法国诺曼底奎莱地区保存的关于洗礼、结婚和安葬的教会登记。这些记录内容翔实且具有很好的连续性,记载了从17世纪中叶到法国大革命期间的人口信息。亨利和其他研究人员运用家庭重构法将这些记录连接在一起,这就使得他们能够对奎莱地区人口在这一重要历史时期的发展变化进行深入分析。这项研究取得了众多关于该时期生育、死亡、婚姻、人口行为及人口变动的重要发现。【11】此后,在亨利的指导下,法国国家人口研究所运用家庭重构方法开展了更大规模的研究。这些研究表明,在最近数百年间,法国的出生、死亡和婚姻模式存在很大差异与变化。这些差异与变化常常与社会经济和环境条件的差异或变动联系在一起。以上结果与在欧洲其他国家所观察到的情况大致相同,不同的是法国的已婚生育率下降要早得多。这些新的研究成果不仅丰富了人们对法国人口历史的了解,也直接导致对法国近现代历史上一些问题的重新阐释。【12】在对法国人口历史的研究中,亨利提出一系列将历史和当代重要的人口问题联系在一起的理论,并提出一种可以有效地利用西方国家大量存在的教会登记进行历史人口学研究的家庭重构方法。他的这些开创性的工作对人口学的发展和人口历史研究产生了深远的影响。正是在这种影响下,历史人口学研究在许多地区迅速兴起。在英国,剑桥人口与社会结构历史研究小组于1964年成立,并很快成为对历史人口学发展起到重大推动作用的研究机构。在剑桥人口与社会结构历史研究小组所从事的多方面研究中,运用家庭重构法研究英国的人口变化以及这种变化与社会经济变化之间的关系占有重要地位。剑桥研究小组的研究人员从--开始就使用了家庭重构方法。E.A.里格利在1966年发表了他对英国德文郡东部科利顿教区人口进行家庭重构的研究结果。【13】该论文立即引起人口学家和历史学家的广泛关注,并有力地促进了历史人口学的发展。但里格利和他的同事们意识到,由于这些结果来自对一个较小地区教会登记的家庭重构,它们可能存在一定局限性,不一定会代表整个人口的情况。因此,他们开展了规模更大的研究。在接下来的30年里,剑桥研究小组的学者整理了英国许多地区的教会登记并利用这些资料对记录的人口进行家庭重构研究。他们的家庭重构工作特别集中在登记质量较好的26个教区,并通过他们的努力重新展现了这些教区1580年至1837年间的人口历史。里格利和他的同事们认为,他们家庭重构的研究结果"不仅对于那些提供数据来源的教区具有代表性,而且对于整个国家也具有代表性"。他们对过去人口行为及其结果的详细分析极大地改善了人们对1837年以前教会登记时期许多方面人口问题的认识。由于他们的深入研究工作,目前人们对于英格兰1837年以前人口问题的了解要远比对1837年后类似人口问题的了解详细得多。【14】由于这些原因,《家庭重构下的英格兰人口史1580-1837年》一书被普遍认为是历史人口学中最重要和最具影响力的著作之一。家庭重构法的应用及影响远远超出法国与英国。在过去半个世纪中,这种方法已经被许多国家的学者运用在历史人口学研究中。即使在非基督国家中,历史人口学早期在欧洲的发展与家庭重构法也产生了重大影响。在日本,A.哈亚米和其他学者正0是受到了亨利家庭重构研究的强烈影响,才在20世纪60年代末开始了他们对历史人口学的研究。从这种意义上说,没有家庭重构法,就没有历史人口学的确立与发展。家庭重构是连接基督教教会洗礼、结婚和安葬记录并使其成为人口研究有效资料的重要方法。这种方法的应用曾对历史人口学的确立与发展产生过重大的推进作用。本文主要对家庭重构方法、使用的资料及在历史人口学发展中的地位进行简要介绍。另外一些和历史人口学有关的问题,如历史人口学使用的其他资料、方法以及该学科在其他一些地区的发展在以上讨论中并未涉及。对这些问题感兴趣的读者可以参考关于历史人口学发展的有关文献。【15】由于基督教在中国传播较晚,本文中提到的教会登记在国内发现较少。因此,家庭重构方法在中国历史人口学研究中的作用也相对较小。但是,本文关于家庭重构方法及其对历史人口学发展的贡献的讨论至少在以下两个方面对中国人口历史研究有参考作用。第一,中国存在大量的历史人口资料,充分利用这些资料,用人口学方法对其进行深入分析对中国人口历史研究非常重要。到目前为止,国内绝大部分关于人口史的研究仍然限于对全国或一些地区人口总数变化的描述及对这种变化与社会经济发展环境相互关系的分析。这种研究虽然可以帮助我们了解历史上人口变化的大趋势,却不能对造成这种变化的主要人口因素及其作用、人口行为的变化与社会经济条件变化的关系以及人口行为在不同人群中的差异进行深入考察。第二,与西方国家不同,在中国进行历史人口学研究的主要资料是过去遗留下来的人口登记或普查记录、家谱或族谱以及地方志或其他文书档案中关于人口事件的记载。有效利用这些资料的方法之一就是实现对相关数据的连接。例如,将家谱记录与人口登记连接在一起可以有效地取两种资料之长、避其之短,使其更好地应用于历史人口研究之中。注释:【1】普雷萨特、威尔逊:《人口学词典》(Pressat R.and Wilson C., The Dictionary of Demography),牛津1985年版;史密斯:《历史人口学》(Smith R.,"Historical Demography"),德梅尼和麦克尼科尔编:《人口百科全书》(P.Demeny and G. McNicoll, eds.,Encyclopedia of Population),纽约2003年版,第484-490页。【2】威利根和林奇:《历史人口学的资料和方法》(Willigan J.D.and Lynch K. A., Sources and Methods of Historical Demography),纽约1982年版。【3】A.哈亚米:《日本前现代历史人口学》(The Historical Demography of Pre-modern Japan),东京2001年版。【4】P.罗森塔尔:《老流派的新奇事:路易·亨利和历史人口学的创立》(Posental P.,"Tne Novelty of Old Genre: Louis Henry and the Founding of an Historical Demography"),《人口》(Population)2003年第58期,第97-129页。【5】E.A.里格利:《20世纪80年代的人口史》(Wrigley E.A., "Population History in the 1980s"),《跨学科历史学杂志》(Journal of Interdisciplinary History)1981年第2期,第207-226页;O.赛托:《历史人口学:成就与展望》(Saito O., "Historical Demography: Achievements and Prospects"),《人口研究》1996年第50期,第537-553页。【6】E.A.里格利编:《家庭重构:16至19世纪英国历史人口学导论》(Wrigley E.A., ed., Family Reconstitution.An Introduction to English Historical Demography from the Sixteenth to the Nineteenth Century),伦敦1966年版,第96-159页。【7】D.莱文:《家庭重构》(Levine D., "Family Reconstitution"),德梅尼和麦克尼科尔编:《人口百科全书》,第374-376页。【8】L.亨利:《自然生育力数据》(Henry L.,"Some Data on Natural Fertility"),《优生学季刊》(Eugenics Quarterly)1961年第18期,第81-91页。【9】L.亨利:《关于婚后生育的新计算方法,工作与资料》(L. Henry, "Fécondité des mariages.nouvelle méthode de mesure.travaux et documents"),《手册》(Cahier)1953年第16期。【10】L.亨利:《16至20世纪日内瓦人的古老家族,人口学研究》(L. Henry, "Anciennes familles genevoises.étudesdémographique: XVIe-XXesiècle"),《手册》1956年第26期,巴黎大学出版社。【11】古迪耶、L.亨利:《奎莱的人口:诺曼底的堂区》(.Gautier et L. Henry, La population de Crulai: Paroisse normande),巴黎大学出版社1958年版。【12】P.古博特:《历史人口学与现代早期法国历史的重新理解:研究综述》(Goubert P.,"Historical Demography and the Reinterpretation of Early Modern French History: A Resegch Review"),《跨学科历史学杂志》1970年第1期,第37-48页。【13】E.A.里格利:《前工业化时期英国的节育》(Wrigley E.A.,"Family Limitation in Pre-industrial England"),《经济史评论》(Economic History Peview)1966年第19期,第82-109页。【14】E.A.里格利等:《家庭重构下的英格兰人口史1580-1837年》(Wrigley E.A. et al.English Population History Form Family Reconstitution1580-1837),剑桥1997年版。【15】赛托:《历史人口学:成就与展望》,史密斯:《历史人口学》,赵中维:《历史人口学》,曾毅等编译:《生命支持系统大百科全书人口学分卷》第一章,中国人口出版社2010年版,第28-56页。
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  13. 章政:和谐社会与去金融化
    经济 2011/03/21 | 阅读: 1279
    什么是金融化 金融化,简单地说就是社会经济活动中金融资产规模与金融活动规模的盲目扩大过程。比如,上世纪第一次世界经济危机后的1930年,美国的财富生产规模(GDP)仅为0.1兆美元,1980年达到2.8兆美元,2008年迅速扩大到14.2兆美元,比1930年增加了140多倍。但另一方面,为了实现财富规模的快速扩张,金融资产的增长速度更为迅猛。1930年全美国金融资产规模仅与当年的GDP相当,1980年达到GDP的2.5倍,2008年进一步扩大到GDP的4.4倍。无独有偶,这一现象在世界许多国家也同样存在。根据IMF的资料,2008年全球GDP为68.3兆美元,全球金融资产为171兆美元、相当GDP的4倍,而全球的金融衍生品销售额竟高达684兆美元、相当GDP的10倍。可见,这个加速的经济扩张过程,是以金融活动的规模越来越超过生产活动的规模、货币循环的速度越来越超过商品循环速度的方式实现的,其内涵是社会经济活动的“金融化”过程。 金融化的表现 金融化的结果,表面上看似乎是增加了社会经济的繁荣,但在本质上由于加快了金融活动与生产活动的分离,这既强化了金融市场的相对独立性,同时也加大了金融市场独立发生危机可能性。这样一来,原来可能在生产领域爆发的问题和危机,由于生产活动被金融活动的替代而逐步转移到了金融领域,使得传统的经济危机(商品过剩)可能以一种更高级的形态,即金融危机(资金过剩)的方式表现了出来。在这一过程中,一方面,金融资产的膨胀使生产活动日益被投资活动所替代,即投资超前;另一方面,各种金融衍生品的过度供给使商品循环日益被货币循环活动所替代,即消费超前的现象。这种投资和消费的“双超前”现象,不仅是现代资本主义市场经济“繁荣”的集中表现,也是其社会深层次矛盾的直接反映。 金融化的本质 其实,金融化带来的繁荣就是社会金融资产规模的快速增加。我们知道,金融资产作为社会总资产的一个部分,相对于土地、房屋、设备等不动产而言具有较高的流动性,俗称为动产。从资产负债平衡关系(B/S)看,全社会金融资产的增加,在通常情况下,即意味着在社会另一端存在着同样规模金融负债的增加。例如,美国政府和企业发行的大量国债和企业债,对于持有者(如居民)而言是一种金融资产,但对于政府、企业和银行而言,是一种不折不扣的债务。同样,金融衍生品作为一种特殊的金融资产,不过是金融机构向全社会(包括家庭、企业、政府)发行的(准确地说是借入的)一种新型债务而已。由此可见,金融化带来的繁荣:金融资产和金融衍生品规模的增加,不过是少数人利用发达的商业信用将社会总收入(国民收入)透支了若干次而已。可以说,金融化的本质就是社会债务关系的不断扩大,即全社会的债务化。 一幅真实的图景 美国的最新情况表明:2009年底美国主要负债结构为,国家债务9万亿美元、公司债务9万亿美元、房屋抵押债务10万亿美元、医疗债务30万亿美元、社会保障债务12万亿美元,合计达到70万亿美元,这相当于美国当年GDP的4.5倍和财政收入的8.8倍。也就是说,半个多世纪以来由个别发达国家主导的经济增长模式(超前消费和投资),不过是运用所谓“金融化”手段实现的向全世界的巨额债务透支,其繁荣的背后不过是从银行到企业、从政府到民间依靠大量借贷资金维系的一个海市蜃楼。 我们的选择和方向 当前,世界经济正处于缓慢的复苏过程,但这一过程能否持续下去还不取决于我们,因为规模庞大的借贷资金能否在各个环节上保持充足的流动性和利益回流;同时,作为支撑这一循环的制度安排、即由发达国家主导的国际经济秩序(如WTO、IMF、WB等)的稳定性和有效性,随时都将可能使这一海市蜃楼再一次变成泡影。换句话说,即使2008年的美国次贷危机不爆发,接下来,由各国企业部门、政府部门、金融部门引发的任何一个债务问题都将会再现同样的结果。对此,马克思在分析资本主义经济危机时就早已说过,“现实买卖的扩大远远超过社会需要的限度这一事实,归根到底是整个社会危机的基础”,为此,加快“去金融化”的政策调整,防止“负债式经济增长”的风险应是未来保持我国经济社会和谐运行的不二选择。 
  14. 王铭铭:中国——民族体还是文明体?
    思想 2008/12/03 | 阅读: 1278
    19世纪末以后,国人主张的“民族团结”,绝非简单是欧洲式“民族主义”,而是双重的,按欧洲近代“民族”概念的定义,它可谓既是“民族内部的团结”,又是“民族之间的团结”。
  15. 保罗·罗默:“特区城市”能改变世界吗?--答记者问
    经济 2009/11/20 | 阅读: 1278
    关于“特区城市”的访谈,英文
  16. Paul Romer: For richer, for poorer
    经济 2010/06/03 | 阅读: 1278
    Forget aid-people in the poorest countries like Haiti need new cities with different rules. And developed countries should be the ones that build themLacking electricity at home, students work under the dim lights of a parking lot at G'bessi Airport in Conakry, GuineaOn the first day of TEDGlobal, a conference for technology enthusiasts in Oxford in July 2009, a surprise guest was unveiled: Gordon Brown. He began his presentation with a striking photograph of a vulture watching over a starving Sudanese girl. The internet, he said, meant such shocking images circulated quickly around the world, helping to mobilise a new global community of aid donors. Brown's talk ended with a call to action: developed countries should give more aid to fight poverty.When disaster strikes-as in the recent Haiti earthquake-the prime minister is right. Even small amounts of aid can save many lives. The moral case for aid is compelling. But we must also remember that aid is just palliative care. It doesn't treat the underlying problems. As leaders like Rwandan president Paul Kagame have noted, it can even make these problems worse if it saps the innovation, ambition, confidence, and aspiration that ultimately helps poor countries grow.So, two days later, I opened my own TED talk with a different photo, one of African students doing their homework at night under streetlights. I hoped the image would provoke astonishment rather than guilt or pity-for how could it be that the 100-year-old technology for lighting homes was still not available for the students? I argued that the failure could be traced to weak or wrong rules. The right rules can harness self-interest and use it to reduce poverty. The wrong rules stifle this force or channel it in ways that harm society.The deeper problem, widely recognised but seldom addressed, is how to free people from bad rules. I floated a provocative idea. Instead of focusing on poor nations and how to change their rules, we should focus on poor people and how they can move somewhere with better rules. One way to do this is with dozens, perhaps hundreds, of new "charter cities," where developed countries frame the rules and hundreds of millions of poor families could become residents.How would such a city work? Imagine that a government in a poor country set aside a piece of uninhabited land. It invites a developed country to enter into a new type of partnership, in which the developed country sets up and enforces rules specified in a charter. Citizens from the poorer country, and the rest of the world, would be free to live and work in the city that emerges. It could create economic opportunities and encourage foreign investment, and by using uninhabited land it would ensure everyone living there would have chosen to do so with full knowledge of the rules. Roughly 3bn people, mostly the working poor, will move to cities over the next few decades. To my mind the choice is not whether the world will urbanise, but where and under which rules. Instead of expanding the slums in existing urban centres, new charter cities could provide safe, low-income housing and jobs that the world will need to accommodate this shift. Even more important, these cities could give poor people a chance to choose the rules they want to live and work under.To understand why rules are the way to harness self-interest, and why such new cities could work where old cities have not, look again at the example of electricity. We know from the developed world that it costs very little to light a home-on average, less than one US penny an hour for a 100-watt bulb. We also know that most poor people in Africa are not starving. They could afford some light. Africans do not lack electricity because they are too poor. Indeed, reliable power is so important for education, productivity and job creation that it would be more accurate to say that many in Africa are poor because they don't have electricity. So why don't they?Why the right rules matterConsider development the other way round. US customers have cheap electricity mostly because rules channel self-interest in the right way. Some protect investments made by utilities, others stop these companies abusing their monopoly power. With such rules, companies win; efficient providers make a profit. But customers win too; they get access to a vital resource at low cost. It's the absence of these rules that explains why many Africans don't have electricity at home. It might seem a simple insight, but it took economists a long time to understand it.In the 1950s and 1960s, economic models treated ideas as public goods, meaning that once one existed it was assumed to exist everywhere. Some ideas are like this-for example, the formula for oral rehydration therapy, the mixture of sugar, salt, and water, that stops children dying from diarrhoea. No one owns it and you can find it easily online. If all ideas were like this it would be easier for poor countries to grow. But they aren't: patents and other legal rules stop some ideas spreading, while others are just easy to keep secret.When I started graduate school in the late 1970s I was convinced economists underestimated the potential for new ideas to raise living standards. The body of work that grew out of my PhD thesis came to be called new growth theory, or post-neoclassical endogenous growth theory in Britain (when it was infamously taken up by new Labour in the mid-1990s). Initially I just wanted to understand how good ideas, like those which make cheap electric light possible, were discovered. But then another topic began to interest me: why didn't ideas common in some parts of the world spread to others?Put simply, some countries are better able to establish the type of rules that help good ideas spread, while others are trapped by bad rules that keep ideas out. The rules stopping cheap electricity, for instance, are not hard to identify. The threat of expropriation or political instability stops many western electricity companies moving into Africa. Those that do set up there can exploit their power as monopolists to charge excessive prices. Often they offer bribes to stop rules being enforced, or pay bribes themselves. Good rules would stop all this. So to unleash the potential of the marketplace, poor countries need to find a way to create good rules.The challenge in setting up good rules lies in solving what economists call "commitment" problems. How can a developing country promise to keep the rules that govern investment fair? Nobel prize-winning economist Thomas Schelling illustrates this problem with the example of a kidnapper who decides he wants to free his victim. But the kidnapper worries that the victim, once released, will go to the authorities. The victim, eager to be free, promises not to-but there is no way for him to guarantee he will keep quiet. As a result, the kidnapper is compelled to kill the victim, even though both would be better off if a binding agreement could be made. Poor countries face similar problems: their leaders cannot make credible commitments to would-be investors.Rich nations use well-functioning systems of courts, police and jails, developed over centuries, to solve such problems. Two people can make a commitment. If they don't follow through, the courts will punish them. But many developing countries are still working their way down the same arduous path. Their leaders can fight corruption and establish independent courts and better rules over property rights, but such moves often require unpopular measures to coerce and cajole populations, making internal reforms excruciatingly slow. Subsequent leaders may undo any commitments they make. A faster route would seem to be for a developed country to impose new rules by force, as they did in the colonial period. There is evidence that some former colonies are more successful today because of rules established during their occupations. Yet any economic benefits usually took a long time to show up, and rarely compensated for years of condescension and the violent opposition it provoked. Today, violent civil conflicts have led some countries to again consider military humanitarian intervention, but this can only be justified in extreme circumstances. My point was that there is a middle ground between slow internal reforms and risky attempts at recolonialisation: the charter city.There are large swathes of uninhabited land on the coast of sub-Saharan Africa that are too dry for agriculture. But a city can develop in even the driest locations, supported if necessary by desalinated and recycled water. And the new zone created need not be ruled directly from the developed partner country-residents of the charter city can administer the rules specified by their partner as long as the developed country retains the final say. This is what happens today in Mauritius, where the British Privy Council is still the court of final appeal in a judicial system staffed by Mauritians. Different cities could start with charters that differ in many ways. The common element would be that all residents would be there by choice-a Gallup survey found that 700m people around the world would be willing to move permanently to another country that offers safety and economic opportunity.I started thinking about city-scale special zones after writing a paper about Mauritius. At the time of its independence in 1968, economists were pessimistic about this small island nation's prospects. The population was growing rapidly, new jobs were scarce in its only real export industry (sugar), and high tariffs designed to protect small companies manufacturing for the domestic market meant no companies could profitably use their workers to manufacture goods for export. It was politically impossible to dismantle these barriers to trade, so policymakers did the next best thing: they created a special category of companies, ones said to be in a "special export zone." The zone didn't physically exist, in that these companies could locate anywhere on the island, but companies "inside" the zone operated under different rules. They faced no tariffs, or limits on imports or exports. Foreign companies in the zone could enter and exit freely, and keep profits they earned. Domestic companies could enter too. The only quid pro quo was that everyone in the zone had to produce only for export, so as not to compete with domestic firms. The zone was a dramatic success. Foreign businesses entered. Employment grew rapidly. The economy moved from agriculture to manufacturing. Once growth was underway, the government reduced trade barriers, freeing up the rest of the economy.The history of development is littered with failed examples of similar zones. Mauritius was unusual because it had low levels of crime and the government already provided good utilities and infrastructure. The zone only had to remove one bad form of governance: trade restrictions. Yet many developing countries still can't offer the basics, another reason why building new cities is an attractive option. Cities are just the right scale to offer basic conditions. So long as they can trade freely, even small cities are big enough to be self-sufficient. Yet because they are dense they require very little land.To apply the lessons from Mauritius in countries with pervasive problems, the key is to create zones with new rules that are big enough to be self-contained. Big enough, that is, to hold a city. Then let people decide whether to enter.When I returned to Mauritius in 2008, I outlined my ideas to Maurice Lam, head of the Mauritian Board of Investment. Maurice splits his time between Mauritius and Singapore. He and I knew that Lee Kuan Yew, former prime minister of Singapore, had experimented in the 1990s with a similar idea, establishing new cities that Singapore could help to run in China and Indonesia. These ran into difficulties because the local governments retained discretionary powers that they used to interfere after Singapore had made large investments in infrastructure. This convinced us that explicit treaties reassigning administrative control over land were needed. Maurice also said that countries in Africa would be open to this kind of arrangement. Some officials, eager to make a credible commitment to foreign investors, had already made informal inquiries about whether Mauritius would be willing to take administrative control over their special export zones.What could go wrong?Some economists have objected that a charter agreement between two countries will not necessarily solve the commitment problem that lies at the heart of development failures. The leaders of many countries enter into agreements, sometimes with the best intentions, that subsequent leaders or officials do not honour-as Lee Kuan Yew found to his cost. To guard against such an outcome, partners in a charter city must negotiate a formal treaty, like the one that gave the British rights in Hong Kong (see box, right). Under this arrangement the only way for the host country to renege on its commitment would be to invade. Even governments that resent having signed such agreements in the past almost always respect them. The Cubans hate the agreement that gave the US control of Guantánamo Bay, but learned to live with it.Another objection comes from those who study urbanisation. They point out that the location of most existing cities is determined by accidents of history or geography, and suggest, correctly, that there are geographical requirements for a city to survive. But they are surely wrong to think that all the good sites for cities are taken. Here distance matters, but it is not an insurmountable obstacle: Mauritius continues to develop despite its remote location. Flat land is cheaper to build on, but many cities have developed on hilly terrain. A river can provide fresh water and access to the sea, but with desalination, so too can any coastal location where a port could be built. Access to the sea is the only real necessity-as long as a charter city can ship goods back and forth on container ships, it can thrive even if its neighbours turn hostile or unstable. And there are thousands of largely uninhabited coastal locations on several continents that could qualify.Other urban economists fear new cities will repeat the unimpressive history of government-planned ones like Brasília, or Dubai's recent bust. But these are both extreme examples. The state was too intrusive in Brasília and almost non-existent in Dubai. Hong Kong is the middle ground, a state ruled by laws not men, but one that leaves competition and individual initiative to decide the details.The experience in Hong Kong offers two further lessons. The first is the importance of giving people a choice about the rules that govern them. Hong Kong was sparsely populated when the British took over. Unlike other colonial systems, almost everyone chose to come and live under the new system. This gave the rules proposed by the British a degree of legitimacy they never had in India, where the rules were imposed on often unwilling subjects. This is why building new cities, rather than taking over existing ones, is so powerful.The second lesson is the importance of getting the scale right. Most nations are too large to update all their rules and laws at once. The coercion needed to impose a new system on an existing population generates friction, no matter who is in charge. Leaders on mainland China understood this when they attempted to copy the successes of Hong Kong by gradually opening a few places, such as the new city of Shenzhen, near Hong Kong. Yet while nations are too big, towns and villages are too small. A village cannot capture the benefits that arise when millions of people live and work together under good rules. Cities offer the right scale for dramatic change.The demands of migrationAs billions of people urbanise in the coming decades, they can move to hundreds of new cities. The gains new cities can unleash are clear. Picture again the students studying under the streetlights. By themselves, political leaders in poor countries won't provide cheap, reliable electricity any time soon. They can't eliminate the political risk that holds back investment or ensure adequate regulatory controls. But working with a partner nation, they can establish a new city where millions of young people could pay pennies to be able to study at home. And as these cities seek out residents, the leaders and citizens in existing countries will face the most effective pressure for good governance-competition.We know from history that the competitive pressures created by migration can boost economic growth. But strong opposition to immigration in the world's richest economies prevents many people from moving to better systems of rules. Charter cities bring the good systems of rules to places that would welcome migrants. Indeed, charter cities offer the only viable path for substantial increases in global migration, bringing good rules to places that the world's poor can easily and legally access, while lessening the contentious political frictions that arise from traditional migration flows.Intelligently designed new cities can offer environmental benefits too, a point increasingly made by environmentalists like Stewart Brand (see p39.) For example, Indonesia emits greenhouse gases at a rate exceeded only by China and the US. This rate is partly due to logging practices in its rainforest, and efforts to clear land for palm-oil plantations and pulp-producing acacia trees. Brand has cited the experience of Panama to demonstrate the green potential of urbanisation: as people there left slash-and-burn agriculture for work in cities, forest regenerated on the land they left behind. Similar migration to new cities in places like Indonesia could do much to reduce carbon emissions from the developing world.Investment in charter cities could also make more effective the aid rich countries give. The British experience in Hong Kong shows that enforcing rules costs partners very little, but can have a huge effect. Because Hong Kong helped make reform in the rest of China possible, the British intervention there arguably did more to reduce world poverty than all the official aid programmes of the 20th century, and at a fraction of the cost. And, if many such cities are built, fewer people will be trapped in the failed states that are the root cause of most humanitarian crises and security concerns.There are many questions to be resolved before the first city is chartered. Is it better to have a group of rich nations, or a multinational body like the EU, play the role the British played in Hong Kong? How would such a city be governed? And how and when might transfer of control back to the host country be arranged? But as we begin to explore these questions, we must not lose sight of the fundamental insights that advocates of the free market underestimate. The win-win agreements that we see in well-functioning markets are possible only when there is a strong, credible government that can establish the rules. In places where these rules are not present, it could take centuries for locals to bootstrap themselves from bad rules to good. By creating new zones through partnerships at the national level, good rules can spread more quickly, and when they do, the benefits can be huge.The world's fortunate citizens must be able to provide assistance when disasters like the earthquake in Haiti strike, but we must also be wary of the practical and moral limits of aid. When the roles of benefactor and supplicant are institutionalised, both parties are diminished. In the case of Haiti, if nations in the region created just two charter cities, they could house the entire population of that country. Senegal has offered Haitians the opportunity to return to the home "of their ancestors." "If they come en masse we are ready to give them a region," a Senegal government spokesman said. Outside of the extraordinary circumstances of a crisis, the role of partner is better for everyone. And there are millions of people seeking partnerships around the world. Helping people build them successfully is the opportunity of the centuryHong Kong: the first charter city? Hong Kong was a successful example of a special zone that could serve as a model for charter cities. In the 1950s and 1960s, it was the only place in China where Chinese workers could enter partnerships with foreign workers and companies. Many of the Chinese who moved to Hong Kong started in low-skill jobs, making toys or sewing shirts. But over time their wages grew along with the skills that they gained working with educated managers, and using modern technologies and working practices.Over time they acquired the values and norms that sustain modern cities. As a result, Hong Kong enjoyed rapid economic growth-in 1960, the average income was around £2,500; by 1997, it was around £20,000.Even if it had wanted to, the Chinese government acting alone could not have offered this opportunity. The credibility of rules developed over centuries by the British government was essential in attracting the foreign investment, companies and skilled workers that let these low-skill immigrants lift themselves out of poverty. As in Mauritius, authority rested ultimately with the British governor general, but most of the police and civil servants were Chinese. And the benefits demonstrated in Hong Kong became a model for reform-minded leaders in China itself.
  17. 应对国际金融危机调研报告——当前中国城乡家庭消费状况
    社会 2009/03/31 | 阅读: 1277
    中国社科院社会学研究所于2008年5月至9月,采用分层多阶段抽样方式,开展了第二次“中国社会状况综合调查”,覆盖全国28个省市区的134个县(市、区)、251个乡(镇、街道)和523个村(居委会),共成功入户访问了7139位年龄在18-69岁的居民,内容涉及收入、消费、就业、教育、医疗、社会保障等诸多方面。本文依据此次调查数据,以城乡家庭消费为主题,分析当前我国城乡家庭消费水平、消费结构和消费特征,并对促进国内家庭消费和扩大内需提出相应的对策和建议。
  18. 马立特:美债危机将对全球带来连锁影响
    经济 2011/09/21 | 阅读: 1277
    2011年8月2日,美国参议院通过了两党领袖达成的债务上限协议,将美国债务上限从14.3万亿美元提高至16.7万亿美元;未来10年内削减2.1万亿美元支出;并且将建立一个12人国会特别委员会,负责在11月23日前制定出一个削减赤字1.5万亿美元的具体方案。奥巴马签署该协议后,美国财政部获得了4000亿美元的国债发行额度。 不过,协议的达成反而造成了美国股市的连续暴跌。8月3日道琼斯指数跌破12000点重要心理关口,此后多个交易日连续暴跌,至8月末在11000点上下拉锯。而国际市场黄金价格8月3日后则连续上涨,三周时间从1680美元直冲1900美元。这些现象表明美元正在大规模流出美国。但至少在表面上,美国在8月2日这个时限点避免了债务违约。 美债危机对全球经济的危害 在美国的生产能力早已无力支撑庞大的美元数字,美元却依然是世界货币的情况下,美元从美国的大规模流出/回流会对全球经济产生重大影响。而美国债务上限协议实质上导致美国明确的未来国债-美元释放计划的难产,这就给美元在最终减赤方案"难产"期间的流出及回流造成极大不确定性,而这种不确定性将严重打击全球经济,甚至威胁全球局势稳定。 根据8月2日通过的协议,12人国会特别委员会将在11月23日之前提交未来10年减赤1.5万亿美元的具体方案,而该方案将在12月23日由众议院表决。此外,国会还必须在10月1日到年底之间就平衡预算修正案进行表决。这些其实都是美债危机的时限上抻长而烈度上人为抑制。从现在到年底之前,多个时点上发生的与减赤或国债有关的美国政治动作,都会对美元的流出/回流产生方向性的影响。 到年底之前,美国财政部没有推出大规模国债发行计划的情况下,美元将流出美国。 首先,由于在先前的QE2过程中,资金被大规模以再融资等方式注入到美国大企业的账户上,因此,美元流出的方式将表现为美国大企业在国际市场上抢购大宗商品等原材料。这就会对原油、铁矿石、棉花等原材料产生巨大的推涨作用。近几日的原油价格连续下跌情况,并不符合全球美元流动的趋势,必须警惕原油在年底之前随时可能出现的突然暴涨情况,尤其是在原油产地如果出现局势突变的情况下(如利比亚或中东局势变化)。 其次,美元流出的过程中,会对包括中国在内的新兴市场产生热钱流入压力,推高利率及物价。这些国家将在经济增长放缓(由于利率高)的同时面对通胀压力。 第三,美元流出将造成国际粮食价格上涨,而且在当前的全球谷物贸易体制下,粮食价格变化会比货币数量变化更为敏感,可能突然出现暴涨。这就有可能造成类似今年上半年中东危机这样的危机局势扩大化。而这种扩大化的危机,有可能被引导到中亚和东南亚这样的中国周边地区。 最后,美元流出本身意味着美元贬值,这就意味着美元将不适合作为可持有的储备货币。除了美元,其他可选择的货币最主要的是欧元。然而,美国绝不希望欧元成为美元的"替代性货币",因此,美国会动用各种手段打击欧元。美国绝不会在欧元区面临的主权债务危机中成为施救者,只会利用各种可能的手段造成欧债危机的持续,并在需要的时机恰到好处地恶化一下。美国刚刚通过债务上限协议,美元流出,这时意大利和西班牙的主权债务评级就被下调,这巧合未免太巧了些。 年底之前,如果美国财政部推出大规模的国债发行计划,或者出现一些意外情况(如美联储上调利率),美元将大规模回流。在美元回流的情况下,将产生的后果为: 首先,美元的大规模回流将造成全球通货紧缩。在先期发生通胀的情况下再发生迅速的通缩,是经济所可能遭受的最严重灾难之一。 其次,全球通缩无异于美国对全球财富的大规模洗劫。这是杀鸡取卵式的洗劫,这是美国政府也无法控制的,关键是这种洗劫将会把世界很多地方的财富清零,造成大规模动乱。 最后,由于美元的流出-回流是受到美国减赤问题两党博弈状况影响的,而这种状况可能出现反复,因此全球可能将面临多次美元的"冲击-回流-再冲击-再回流"过程,这无疑是各种原有矛盾和危机的催化剂和爆炸引信! 对亚洲及中国的影响 美债危机对中国周边局势的影响将体现为两个方面: 首先,对东南亚安全的影响。美元的进一步涌入将把越南、泰国等国的利率和物价推向更高水平。这就会引发其他社会问题。越南在面临社会问题的情况下,可能会把祸水引向南海,增加与中国在南海问题上的摩擦。而泰国的社会矛盾可能再次爆发。 其次,对中亚安全的影响。全球粮食涨价可能会造成中亚发生中东式的危机。如果美国势力渗透很深的塔吉克斯坦和吉尔吉斯斯坦局势发生变乱,就可能影响到中国的中亚能源通道安全。 美债危机对中国经济的影响需要警惕的也有两方面: 首先,美元→玉米价格→猪肉价格的传导链条将造成中国通胀压力。玉米是国际谷物贸易中最主要的交易品种,受到美元数量的高度影响。所以,美元大规模流出美国将使中国CPI面临巨大压力。其次,美元的流入再回流过程,将使得中国的房地产市场资金链面临巨大挑战。目前中国银行体系中约47%的贷款是房地产及地方融资平台贷款。美元数量增加将导致外汇占款增加,从而推高人民币供给量。这样,在总的人民币供应量面临增加压力的情况下,房地产资金也相应充裕,这种情况下房价上涨势头实际上很难遏制。然而,美元的突然大规模回流却可能造成房地产资金链突然断裂,在目前房价高企成交量却低迷的情况下,资金的突然撤出就意味着房地产泡沫的破灭。日本1990年遭遇的正是这样的情况。这是必须严正面对的挑战
  19. 英“计算机科学之父”半世纪后雪沉冤 英国政府正式道歉
    科技 2009/10/04 | 阅读: 1276
    图灵是20世纪三四十年代英国著名的数学家、逻辑学家,也是计算机科学的奠基人,被称为“计算机科学之父”、“人工智能之父”。二战期间,他协助军方破解了德国“谜”式密码机编写的情报,在盟军诺曼底登陆等重大军事行动中发挥了重要作用,图灵因此被授予“不列颠帝国勋章”。
  20. 《文化縱橫》2012年第一期
    期刊专递 2012/02/20 | 阅读: 1276
    014-015 目录 特稿 "混合政治"与中国当代政党政治学的建立  (修订版,请各转载网站--共识网爱思想编辑请注意按此版本更新) 谢茂松 观察·社会 当代中国的宗教复兴与宗教短缺    杨凤岗 走出信徒与公民的认同困境  方文 封面选题:流动的中国 编者按 流动的族群与族界 --从东莞彝人群体看当下城市民族关系  刘东旭 新生代农民工的权利意识   熊易寒 新生代农民工的流动图景   符平 唐有财 海外移民 ≠人才流失   田方萌 漂移的中国 --何伟和他的"中国三部曲"  白龙 在民间 "阿里去底着?" --当代唐卡艺人的生存状态   陈乃华 笔谈:人民儒学 编者按 人民儒学刍议  姚中秋 人民主权与儒学的公共精神   任锋 人民儒学发微:开掘儒学的三大传统   彭永捷 观察·文化 儒学复兴与现代国家建设  成中英 失败的遗产 --康有为国教运动的历史启示  赵法生 天下 越南新一代知识分子的历史追寻和当代使命  程映虹 阅读 左翼民主的代表观 --评王绍光《民主四讲》  聂智琪 民族主义能否成为我们的思想资源? --汪晖《东西之间的"西藏问题"》读后  季剑青
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