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在当代西方哲学舞台上，罗尔斯无疑是一位具有独特思想性格的哲学家。这位被誉为当代西方“新自由主义”哲学领袖和哈佛“自由主义思想铁三角”之一(另外两“角”据说是帕森斯和亨廷顿)的哲学和伦理学教授，自上世纪七十年代伊始发表《正义论》以来就一直充当着哈佛和美国，乃至整个西方政治哲学和社会伦理学的“领衔主演”，被丹尼尔斯称为“二十世纪的洛克”。

通过这个角度切入当前的儒学辩护，重新论证所谓心性儒学的政治性。

非洲大陆在 20 世纪艰难地走向现代与复兴，在这个过程，非洲民族主义的政治领袖、思想家和知识分子以他们自己的方式思考着非洲在世界体系中的位置，探寻非洲与世界其他民族和国家之关系。文章探讨了非洲国际关系理论产生的时代条件及其关注的核心主题，并分别讨论了非洲国际关系理论中的泛非主义、非洲新兴国家独特的边界问题、民族国家构建理论以及当代非洲国际关系理论的最新进展，文章还对非洲本土国际关系研究机构做了介绍。

“极度贫穷的社会为疾病，恐怖主义和冲突提供最理想的温床。”奥巴马这样说，力求推动对贫困国家的更多发展援助。但高层次的恐怖主义嫌疑人依然包含大量受过良好教育的中产阶级。同样也没有证据显示穷苦大众对恐怖主义会更同情。然而，受过教育的恐怖分子更为致命的发现可以说明经济条件能影响恐怖活动的效率。

最近一段时间，民主弊端、扩盟疲劳（enlargement fatigue）和援助基金与日俱增，使欧洲的未来饱受质疑。来自东西欧的知识分子对欧洲的疾患进行了诊断

批评者认为，这种方式让美国军方得以在网络上制造出一种错误的舆论导向，屏蔽了那些不被美国军方接受的观点，将不符合他们军事目标的评论或者报道拒之门外。而这种做法也会招来其他国家私人公司以及无政府组织纷纷效仿。此外，这种利用虚假身份在网上发言的行为还会带来法律后果，因为在美国伪造或盗用他人身份同样是违法行为。

变化的观念曾在中国起过如此巨大作用，以至于它既触及到了心理范畴、宗教一巫术修持、行为方式和时空观的历史，又涉及到了哲学史。然而，由于中国的意识观念和思想的历史更为复杂，同时既具有千差万别又具有演变性的原因，故它至今尚未被人充分认识。

The institutional conditions of practical progress

The complete text of "Plasticity into Power: Comparative Historical Studies in the Institutional Conditions of Economic and Military Success," which forms part of the Politics series. The book was originally published in 1988 and is to be republished by Verso in the near future. It explores, in comparative historical detail, an idea that plays a major role in my social-theoretical writings: the idea of the practical as well as the moral advantages of institutional arrangements and discursive practices that facilitate their own revision.

"Plasticity into Power" was published by Verso in a new paperback edition in 2004 together with "False Necessity" and "Social Theory: Its Situation and Its Task." To order this book go to the "my books" section of this website.

It is very disturbing to find telegrams signed off by Hillary Clinton which seem to suggest that regular American diplomats are being asked to do stuff you would normally expect of low-level spooks – such as grubbing around for top UN officials' credit card and biometric details.

Masses of information from the media constantly bombard us. Yet paradoxically often what is most significant goes unreported. Take for instance Tony Blair's recent visit to Africa. Suddenly countries such as Sierra Leone, Nigeria, and Ghana come under the spotlight. But one country which forever remains off the UK/US media map is Chad, lying just to the south of Libya and "over three times the size of California", according to the CIA's official website.  Formerly part of French Equatorial Africa, it gained independence in 1960 and since then has been gripped by civil war. In a rare case of coverage, on May 21 1992, the Guardian carried four short paragraphs: 40,000 people were estimated to have died in detention or been executed during the tyranny of Chadian president Hissene Habre (1982-1990). A report of the justice ministry committee concluded that Habre had committed genocide against the Chadian people.  Unreported in Britain, two years ago, in a case inspired by the one against General Pinochet of Chile, several human rights organisations, led by Human Rights Watch, filed a suit against Habre in Senegal (his refuge since 1990) arguing that he could be tried anywhere for crimes against humanity and that former heads of state were not immune.  However, on 20 March 2001, the Senegal Court of Cassation threw out the case. Human rights groups are now aiming to secure an arrest warrant and extradition request from Belgium (where one of the victims of Habre's torture now lives) and put him on trial there.  So behind the wall of silence, what precisely has been going on in Chad? In fact, the US and UK have been conducting over the last three decades a massive, secret war against Libya - often using Chad as its base. UK involvement in a 1996 plot to assassinate the Libya leader, President Col Mu'ammar Gadafi, as currently alleged by the maverick M15 officer David Shayler, has been reported as an isolated event. Yet the 1996 plot is best seen as part of a wide-ranging and long-standing strategy by the US/UK secret states to dislodge Gadafi.  Seizing power in Libya by ousting King Idris in a 1969 coup, Gadafi (who intriguingly had undertaken a military training course in England in 1966) quickly became the target of massive covert operations by the French, US, Israeli and British. Stephen Dorril, in his recently published book on MI6, records how in 1971 a British plan to invade the country, release political prisoners and restore the monarchy ended in a complete flop. In 1980, the head of the French secret service, Col Alain de Gaigneronde de Marolles, resigned after a French-led plan ended in disaster when a rebellion by Libyan troops in Tobruk was rapidly suppressed.  Then in 1982, away from the glare of the media, Hissene Habre, with the backing of the CIA and French troops, overthrew the Chadian government of Goukouni Wedeye. Human Rights Watch records: "Under President Reagan, the United States gave covert CIA paramilitary support to help install Habre in order, according to secretary of state Alexander Haig, to 'bloody Gadafi's nose'." Bob Woodward, in his semi-official history of the CIA reveals that the Chad covert operation was the first undertaken by the new CIA chief William Casey and that throughout the decade Libya ranked almost as high as the Soviet Union as the "bÍte noir" of the administration.  A recent report from Amnesty, Chad: The Habre Legacy, records massive military and financial support for Habre by the US Congress. It adds: "None of the documents presented to Congress and consulted by Amnesty International covering the period 1984 to 1989 make any reference to human rights violations."  US official records indicate that funding for the Chad-based secret war against Libya also came from Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Morocco, Israel and Iraq. The Saudis, for instance, donated $7m to an opposition group, the National Front for the Salvation of Libya (also backed by French intelligence and the CIA). But a plan to assassinate Gadafi and take over the government on 8 May 1984 was crushed. In the following year, the US asked Egypt to invade Libya and overthrow Gadafi but President Mubarak refused. By the end of 1985, the Washington Post had exposed the plan after congressional leaders opposing it wrote in protest to President Reagan.  Frustrated in their covert attempt to topple Gadafi, the US government's strategy suddenly shifted. For 11 minutes in the early morning of 14 April 1986, 30 US Air Force and Navy bombers struck Tripoli and Benghazi in a raid code-named El Dorado Canyon.  Backing Reagan came the ecstatic response of the major media in both the US and UK. Yet the main purpose of the raid was to kill the Libyan president. Middle East specialist David Yallop reported: "Nine of 18 F111s that left from the UK were specifically briefed to bomb Gadafi's residence inside the barracks where he was living with his family." In the event, the first bomb to drop on Tripoli hit Gadafi's home. Hana, his adopted daughter aged 15 months, was killed while his eight other children and wife Safiya were all hospitalised, some with serious injuries. The president escaped.  Following the April 1986 attack, reports of US military action against Libya disappeared from the media. But away from the media glare, the CIA launched by far its most extensive effort yet to spark an anti-Gadafi coup. A secret army was recruited from among the many Libyans captured in border battles with Chad during the 1980s. And, as concern grew in MI6 over Gadafi's alleged plans to develop chemical weapons, Britain funded various opposition groups in Libya including the London-based Libyan National Movement.  Then in 1990, with the crisis in the Gulf developing, French troops helped oust Habre and install Idriss Deby as the new president in a secret operation. The French government had tired of Habre's genocidal policies while the Bush administration decided not to frustrate France's objectives in exchange for their co-operation in the war against Iraq. Yet even under Deby the abuses of civil rights by government forces have continued.  David Shaylerís original allegations over the anti-Gadafi assassination plot were vigorously denied by the government. But within the broad historical context outlined here, they do, indeed, make sense.  Dr Richard Keeble is director of undergraduate studies at City University's department of journalism and the author of Secret State, Silent Press (John Libbey) and Ethics for Journalists (Routledge)  http://www.medialens.org/articles/the ... s_2002/rk_secret_war.html

开放源代码运动律师Lessig发起改造国会运动. 2010年2月22日发表于The Nation.

一部揭露乌干达圣灵军绑架童军暴行的视频影片《Kony 2012》于2012年3月5日公布，赢得上亿人关注并引发强烈争议。乌干达学者马姆达尼认为夸大圣灵军当前的威胁，明显是在为美国增加在这一地区的军事存在设立借口，向乌干达北部增派士兵和武装，然后扩展到整个地区。